警察审讯:什么是状语？

状语的功能：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
　　状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。

你是我的好朋友
你——主语
是——谓语
好朋友——宾语
我的——状语
状语：位于谓宾之间，用来修饰宾语的词句，区别于补语。

楼上说这么多叫楼主怎么看呢？状语由副词或介词短语等来担任，是用来修饰动词、形容词或（句子中的另一个）副词，有时用来修饰全句的部分。状语一般从时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、方式、让步、比较等方面说明．

常见的状语误用案例分析
一,从句谓语动词形式错误
1. They came here in order that they explained
the matter to us.
在so that (in order that)引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词用can(could)?may(might)?will(would)?should+动词原形的形式.故上述从句在谓语动词前应加could或might?但so that引导结果状语从句时,不用此要求限制,如:They came late so that they missed the early bus.
2. I won't believe it until I will have seen it with my own eyes.
在时间,条件,让步,方式状语从句中,一般将来时要用一般现在时表示,过去将来时要用一般过去时表示,将来完成时要用现在完成时表示,故上句until从句中的will应取掉.但will在表示意愿时,可用于状语从句,如:If you will wait?I'll go and ask the manager.
3. The girl talks as if she has been to the moon.
在as if (though)引导的方式状语从句中,若陈述情况的可能性小,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即谓语动词在原基础上向过去退一步.句中has been应改为had been.再如:He speaks to me as if I were deaf.若从句所述情况很可能实现,则用陈述语气.如:It is blowing hard as if it is going to rain.
4. The man smokes as much as his father 10 years ago.
在比较状语从句中,谓语动词形式与主句不一致时,不能省略,句中his father后应加did.再如:I know you better than he does.
5. No sooner was he here than I told him about it.
no sooner…than…?hardly (scarcely)…when…虽和as soon as?the moment…?the minute…?immediately…一样引导时间状语从句,表示"一…,就…"之意,但前者主句须用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时.上句应改为No sooner had he been here than I told him about it.
6. She caught a cold until her husband came back.
until?till引导从句,在肯定句中谓语动词应用持续性动词,句中caught应改为had.
二,从句引导词使用错误
1. When time went on?his theory proved to be right.
当时间状语从句要表示"随着……"之意时,从句引导词要用as,句中when应改为as.另在表示"边……,边……"之时,也须用as引导时间状语从句,如:He cried as he wrote.
2. Although it rains heavily?we shall still go out.
though?although?even if (though)均可引导让步状语从句,但在侧重假设或推断时要用though或as if (though)?上句中although应改为even if (though)或though.再如?Though(Even though) everyone deserts you?I will not.
3. Child although he is?he knows a lot.
as引导让步状语从句时,状语表语及谓语动词的一部分置于as之前,且表语中的冠词要省略.如:Try as we did?we failed again.又如:Late as he came?he saw the famous man.而although则无此种用法,句中although应改为as.
4. Because you haven't repared it?we'll delay our action.
because?since?as引导从句时,because语气最强,常针对why问题,通常表示说话人认为这种原因或理由是听话人所不知道的.当原因或理由在说话人看来已经很明显,或双方知道,或众所周知,一般用since?as,上句中because应改为since或as.
5. There is such little work that such little boys can finish it soon.
在such…that句式中,如果such后有many?much(多),few?little(少)修饰名词,such应改为so,注意little表示个体之小时,不用so,上句中第一个such应改为so.
三,主状不一错误
1. At the age of five?his father died.
状语at the age of five的逻辑主语应为he,而不是his father,没有5岁的父亲.上句应改为:When he was at the age of five?his father died.
2. To improve your English?reading is necessary .
to improve your English为人的动作,而不是reading的动作,上句可改为To improve your English?you should read a lot.但个别短语如generally speaking(一般来说),strictly speaking(严格地说),judging from…(依据……判断),to tell you the truth(实话说),不受主状一致的限制.如:To tell you the truth?your conclusion sounds strange.
3. Being a fine day?we went out for a play.
分词作状语,句子主语应是动作发出者或承受者,若分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时,应在分词前加上逻辑主语,上句应改为:It being a fine day?we went out for a play.再如:The house burnt down?we had to leave there.
4. While waiting for the bus?my wallet missed.
分词短语作时间状语,与句子主语my wallet没形成主谓关系,即主语不能发出waiting for the bus的动作.上句应改为?while waiting for the bus?I lost my wallet.
5. Giving more time?I can do it better.
主语I应是give动作的承受者?句中giving应改为given.

状语修饰的成分
1. Something指事物，偶尔也用来指动物；“someone”只能指人。

2. 状语(Adverbials)主要修饰动词，有表示“状态”的，“时间”的，“地点”的等。例如：

(1) The baby cried loudly.（大声地笑）

(2) The thief was severely punished.（严峻地处罚）

(3) I saw a good film show last night.（昨晚看了……）

(4) Why do you come here?（到这儿？）

(1)和(2)的句子可以用“How”发问；(3)用“When”，（4）用“Where”。

此外，表示“程度”的状语可修饰形容词和另一个副词，如：

(5) Singapore is a very clean country。（很干净的）

(6) It was rather cold last night。（相当冷）

(7) Irene spoke quite clearly（相当清楚地）

(8)He answered somewhat nervously（有些紧张地）

过去分词作状语
Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲.(表示原因)Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好.(表示条件)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.
心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞
意义:作状语的过去分词与句子主语存在被动关系,或表示已完成.
1.时间状语
eg: Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
Accepted by the party, he devoted all his life to the cause of the party.
2. 原因状语
eg: Moved by his words, I accepted his present.
Injured in the leg, he couldn't walk any further.
3. 条件状语:
eg: Taken in time, the medicine will be quite defective.
Compared with his brother, he should make greater efforts to study English.
4. 伴随状语
eg: The teacher stood there, surrounded by many students.
The old man went into the room, supported by his son.
5. 让步状语
eg: Laughed at by many people, they continued study.
注意:如强调分词表示动作发生在后一个动词表示的动作之前,应用分词的被动完成式.
eg: Having been warned about the thief, he leave all his valuables at home.
过去分词作状语,逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致.否则用句子代替或独立主格代替
Test:
1.____ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.(北京'03)
A.Having given B.To give C. Giving D.Given
2. Unless ____ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A.invited B.inviting C.being invited D.having invited
3.When ____,the museum will be open to the public next year.
A.completed B.completing
C.being completed D.to be completed
4.____ in 1636,Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A.Being founded B.It was founded
C.Founded D.Founding
5. ___ by his teacher, he went on with his painting.
To be encouraged B. To encourage
C. Encouraged D. Being encouraged
独立主格:
使用:句子结构中出现了与句子主语不一致的情况
结构:名词普通格或代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语等.
eg: All books returned at the end of the term , the library assistant was satisfied.
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed.
The teacher came in , a book in his hand.