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Biosynthesis
The pathways of central metabolism (i.e. ,glycolysis and the TCA cycle ),with a few modifications , always run in one direction or another in all organisms . The reason-these pathways provide the precursors for the biosynthesis of cell material . When a pathway, such as the Embden-Meyerhof pathway or the TCA cycle are amphibolic pathway is referred to as an amphibolic pathway .Pathways of glycolysis and the TCA cycle are amphibolic pathways because they provide ATP and chemical intermediates to build new cell material .The main metabolic pathways ,and their relationship to biosynthesis of cell material ,are shown in figure 21 below.
Biosynthesis bio or intermediary metabolism is a topic of biochemistry , more so than microbiology .It will not be dealt with in detail here. The fundamental metabolic pathways of biosynthesis are similar in all organisms , in the same way that protein synthesis or DNA structure are similar in all organisms . When biosynthesis proceeds from central metabolism as dram below , some of the main precursors for synthesis of prokaryotic cell structures and components are as follows .
Polysaccharide capsules or inclusions are polymers of glucose and other sugars .
Cell wall peptidoglycan (NAG and NAM ) is derived from glucose phosphate .Amino acids have various sources .
Nucleotides (DNA and RNA) are synthesized from ribose phosphate .
Triose-phosphates are precursors of glycerol , and acetyl CoA is a main precursor of lipids for membranes
The main precursors of amino acids for manufacture of proteins are pyruvate , alpha-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate .
Vitamins and coenzymes are synthesized in various pathways that leave central metabolism ,ATP and DNA are part of purine (nucleotide ) metabolism . In the example given in figure 21,tetrapyrrole synthesis proceeds from the serine pathway , as well as from succinate in the TCA cycle .