网店与实体店的联系:日本“隼鸟”探测器是他们自己发射，自己测控的么？

确实是这样，日本的宇航技术还是比较强的，在国际空间站上还有他们一个实验舱

隼鸟号
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隼鸟号（日文：はやぶさ）是日本宇宙航空研究开发机构的小行星探测计划。这项计划的主要目的是将隼鸟号探测器送往小行星25143（又名“糸川”；Itokawa），采集小行星样本并将采集到的样本送回地球。
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概述

隼鸟号于2005年9月抵达小行星25143附近，采集标本，并于2007年6月返回地球。

2005年11月26日，日本宇宙开发机构宣布隼鸟号成功地从糸川小行星（“糸”字读音同“觅”）上面采集岩石样本。这是人类第一次从小行星上采集样本。

隼鸟探测器预计将于2007年6月返回地球，在澳大利亚内地著陆。

天文小作品 “隼鸟号”是与天文学相关的未完成小作品。欢迎您积极编辑或修订扩充其内容。

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请参阅

* 小行星25143

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相关链接
Wikinews
维基新闻有这个百科条目的相关新闻:
Japanese probe snatches first asteroid sample

* 隼鸟号

取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%BC%E9%B8%9F%E5%8F%B7"

页面分类: 天文小作品 | 空间探测器

はやぶさ (探査机)
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はやぶさ
拡大
はやぶさ

はやぶさ（MUSES-C、ミューゼスシー）は、2003年5月9日（金）13时29分25秒に宇宙科学研究所が打ち上げた小惑星探査机（正式名称：工学実験探査机）である。小惑星(25143)糸川に2005年夏に到达し、サンプルを采集して2007年に地球に持ち帰ることを目的としている。
目次
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* 1 概要
* 2 経过
* 3 仕様
o 3.1 积载机器
* 4 関连项目
* 5 外部リンク

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概要

打ち上げはM-Vロケット5号机で行われ、太阳をめぐる轨道に投入された。その后、搭载する电気推进（イオンエンジン）で増速し、2004年5月に地球によるスイングバイを行って2005年夏に｢イトカワ｣に到着する。约5ヶ月の小惑星付近滞在中、カメラやレーダーなどによる科学観测を行い、小型ジャンプ・ロボット「ミネルヴァ」による表面上を移动しながらの探査を行う。そして、小惑星表面に重さ数グラムの金属球を発射し、その冲撃で発生する破片をサンプラー・ホーン(采取机)で捕まえる。この间の操作は、片道の通信时间が数分にもなるため、すべて探査机の自律的な制御により行われる。その后地球への帰还轨道に乗り、2007年夏、大気圏再突入操作を行ってパラシュートで降下する计画である。

小惑星からサンプルを持ちかえる计画は国际的にも例が无く、成功が期待される。もっとも、この计画は工学试験のためのミッションであり、次のような各段阶ごとに実験の成果が认められるものである。

1. イオンロケットエンジンによる推进実験
2. 微小な重力しか発生しない小惑星への自律的な接近飞行制御
3. 小惑星からのサンプル采取
4. 大気圏再突入・回収

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経过

2003年9月に、搭载するイオンエンジンは计画通りの动作をしており、推进时间は1,000时间を越えた。この时点で地球から52,000km后方を飞行中であった。

2004年5月、地球スイングバイに成功。

2005年2月7日、イオンエンジンの积算稼働时间が2万时间を突破。2月18日、远日点(1.7天文単位)を通过。イオンエンジンを搭载した宇宙机としては、世界で最も太阳から远方に到达した。

7月29日・30日、8月8日・9日、12日にかけて、搭载された星姿势计（スタートラッカー）により糸川を捉え、合计24枚の写真撮影に成功した。そして、これらの画像をもとに地上からの电波による観测と组み合わせて精密な轨道决定が行われた。

なお、7月31日にリアクションホイール（姿势制御装置）3基のうち1基が故障したため、2基による姿势维持机能に切り替えて飞行した。なお、当初より2基の运用も想定されていたため、支障なく运用された。

8月28日、イオンエンジンを切り、糸川接近に备えた。9月4日、点状ながら初めて糸川の形状を撮影。糸川の自転周期が予想通り约12时间であることを确认。さらに、レーザー高度计の送信试験に成功。9月10日の撮影では、糸川の细长い形状をはっきり捉えた。

9月12日、糸川と地球を结ぶ直线上で、糸川から20kmの位置（ゲートポジション）に静止した。公式にはこれにより糸川とのランデブー成功とされた。

9月30日、糸川から约7kmの位置（ホームポジション）まで接近し、近距离からの観测モードに移行した。

10月2日 23:08 (JST)、リアクションホイールのうち一つが故障した。残ったリアクションホイールは1基であり、これだけでは姿势制御が不可能なため、化学エンジンを并用して姿势制御を行い、観测が続行された。

10月28日 リアクションホイールの故障への対応に伴い、帰还に充分な燃料确保が急务の课题となり、検讨の结果、エンジン喷射を精度よく制御する方法に目処がついた。これを受けて、サンプル采取の予定が决定した。

1. 11月4日 リハーサル降下、88万人の名前を载せたターゲットマーカー、ミネルヴァを投下
2. 11月12日 第1回着陆・试料采取
3. 11月25日 第2回着陆・试料采取

11月4日 リハーサル降下中に异常が発生し、降下を中止。

11月9日 再リハーサル降下で高度70メートルまで接近。 ターゲットマーカー（署名なし）を正常に分离。

11月12日 再度リハーサル降下を行い、高度55メートルまで接近。探査机ミネルヴァを投下したが、重力补偿のためのスラスタ喷射の最中、上升速度を持った时点で分离したため糸川には着陆せず(机械は顺调に机能している)。

11月20日高度约40メートルで88万人の名前を载せたターゲットマーカーを分离。マーカーは糸川に着地したとみられる。はやぶさは糸川に着陆したことが确认された。これにより、はやぶさは世界で始めて小惑星に着陆、离陆した探査机となった。ただ、异常が见つかったため、弾丸は発射されなかった。しかし、着陆した冲撃で破片が回収された可能性がある。地球とはやぶさとの通信は确立されている。

11月26日 二回目のタッチダウンに挑戦。今回は前回と违い、トラブルなく糸川に着陆。弾丸が発射されたこと、サンプラーホーンに何かが触れたことが确认されており、世界で初めて月以外からの试料采取に成功した模様である。

11月28日 姿势を制御するスラスターがA/B2系统とも不全となり事态が急暗転、地球帰还に黒云が立ち込めている。26日の试料采取成功を受け世界中から祝电が届くも、返事を出せないほどの状况だという。
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仕様

* 高さ…1.5m
* 幅…1.5m
* 初期重量(推进薬含む)…500kg
* 动力…太阳电池及びバッテリー

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积载机器

望远カメラ、広角カメラ、レーザー测距机、星姿势计、近赤外分光器、ターゲットマーカー、X线蛍光分光器、ロボット着陆机 "MINERVA"、サンプル采取机など
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関连项目

* 宇宙航空研究开発机构（JAXA）
* （旧组织）宇宙科学研究所

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外部リンク
Wikinews
ウィキニュースに はやぶさ (探査机) に関するニュースがあります。

* 小惑星「イトカワ」の探査ロボット、着陆失败か
* 探査机はやぶさ、小惑星「糸川」に着陆していた―データ解析で判明
* 探査机はやぶさ、小惑星「糸川」に再び着陆、岩石采取も成功

* JAXA宇宙科学研究本部
* 同、「はやぶさ」のページ
* はやぶさ特集：小惑星探査机「はやぶさ」の研究计画について

"http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%AF%E3%82%84%E3%81%B6%E3%81%95_%28%E6%8E%A2%E6%9F%BB%E6%A9%9F%29" より作成

カテゴリ: 现在进行 | 惑星探査机

Hayabusa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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This article documents a current event.
Information may change rapidly as the event progresses.
Hayabusa collecting asteroid rock sample
Hayabusa spacecraft
Organization JAXA
Launch date 9 May 2003
Mass 510 kg (dry 380 kg)
Current destination Earth, on return leg from asteroid 25143 Itokawa
Mission asteroid sample return
Instruments
AMICA multiband imaging camera
LIDAR laser altimeter
NIRS near-infrared spectrometer
XRS x-ray spectrometer

For other uses, see Hayabusa (disambiguation).

Hayabusa (はやぶさ - peregrine falcon) is an unmanned space mission led by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency to collect a sample of material from a small near-Earth asteroid named 25143 Itokawa (dimensions 540 meters by 270 meters by 210 meters) and return the sample to Earth for analysis.

The Hayabusa spacecraft, formerly known as MUSES-C (ミューゼスC), was launched on 9 May 2003 and rendezvoused with Itokawa in mid-September 2005. Having arrived at Itokawa, Hayabusa is studying the asteroid's shape, spin, topography, color, composition, density, and history. In November 2005, it succesfully landed on the asteroid to collect samples, and it will return those samples to Earth by July 2007.

The spacecraft also carried a detachable mini-lander but it failed to reach the surface (see Minerva mini-lander below).
Contents
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* 1 Mission firsts
* 2 Mission profile
* 3 MINERVA mini-lander
* 4 Scientific importance of the mission
* 5 Changes in mission plan
* 6 Recent events
* 7 Timeline of future events
* 8 External links
o 8.1 Official sites
o 8.2 News sites
* 9 Notes

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Mission firsts

Other spacecraft, notably Galileo and NEAR Shoemaker, have visited asteroids before, but the Hayabusa mission, if successful, will mark the first time that an asteroid sample is returned to Earth for analysis.

In addition, Hayabusa is the first spacecraft designed to deliberately land on an asteroid and then take off again (NEAR Shoemaker made a controlled descent to the surface of 433 Eros in 2000, but it was not designed as a lander and was eventually deactivated after it arrived). Technically, Hayabusa is not designed to 'land': it simply touches the surface with its sample capturing device and then moves away. However, it is the first craft designed from the onset to make contact with the surface of an asteroid.

Despite its designer's intention, Hayabusa did land and sit on the asteroid surface for about 30 minutes. (See November 19 entry of #Recent events)
Three views of 25143 Itokawa from Hayabusa. Courtesy of JAXA
Enlarge
Three views of 25143 Itokawa from Hayabusa. Courtesy of JAXA
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Mission profile

The Hayabusa spacecraft was launched on 9 May 2003 at 04:29:25 UTC on an M-5 rocket from the Uchinoura Space Center (still called Kagoshima Space Center at that time). Following launch, the spacecraft's name was changed from the original MUSES-C to Hayabusa, the Japanese word for falcon). The spacecraft's xenon ion engines (two separate units, each with two exhausts) have been operating near-continuously for the last two years, slowly moving Hayabusa toward a September 2005 rendezvous with Itokawa. The spacecraft will not go into orbit around the asteroid, but will remain in a station-keeping heliocentric orbit close by.

Hayabusa will initially survey the asteroid surface from a distance of about 20 km, the "gate position". Following this, the spacecraft will then move closer to the surface ("home position"), then for a series of soft landings and collection of samples at two sites. Autonomous optical navigation will be employed extensively during this period because the long communication delay prohibits Earth-based real-time commanding. Once Hayabusa touches down with its deployable collection horn, the spacecraft will fire a tiny projectile at the surface and then collect the resulting spray. The samples, with a total mass of approximately one gram, will be held inside a separate re-entry capsule.

After a few months in close proximity to the asteroid, the spacecraft will fire its engines to begin its cruise back to Earth. The re-entry capsule will be detached from the main spacecraft at a distance of about 300,000 to 400,000 km from the Earth, and the capsule will coast on a ballistic trajectory, re-entering the Earth's atmosphere in July 2007. The capsule will experience peak decelerations of about 25 G and heating rates approximately 30 times those experienced by the Apollo spacecraft. It will land via parachute near Woomera, Australia.
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MINERVA mini-lander

Hayabusa carried a tiny mini-spacecraft (weighing only 591 g) named MINERVA (short for MIcro/Nano Experimental Robot Vehicle for Asteroid). Unfortunately, an error during deployment resulted in the craft's failure.

This solar-powered, box-shaped vehicle was designed to take advantage of Itokawa's very low gravity by hopping great distances across the surface of the asteroid, relaying images from its cameras to Hayabusa whenever the two spacecraft were in sight of one another.[1]

MINERVA was deployed on November 12, 2005. The lander release command was sent from Earth, but before the command could arrive, Hayabusa's altimeter measured its distance from Itokawa to be 44m and thus started an automatic altitude keeping sequence. As a result, when the MINERVA release command arrived, MINERVA was released while the probe was ascending and at a higher altitude than intended. Early inspection of data suggests that mission control is in contact with MINERVA but that it was not successfully dropped onto the asteroid's surface. Instead, it escaped Itokawa's gravitational pull and tumbled into space. [2] [3] [4]

Had it been successful, MINERVA would have been the first 'space hopper' to see action. Instead, it joins ranks with the hoppers carried on the failed Soviet Phobos missions, which also never saw use.

The United States space agency NASA had originally planned to build a miniature rover as part of the Hayabusa mission, but the project, developed by JPL and called Muses-CN, was cancelled in November, 2000, for budgeting reasons.
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Scientific importance of the mission

Scientists' current understanding of asteroids depends greatly on meteorite samples, but it is very difficult to match up meteorite samples with the exact asteroids from which they came. Hayabusa will solve this problem by bringing back pristine samples from a specific, well-characterized asteroid. Accordingly, Hayabusa "will bridge the gap between ground observation data of asteroids and laboratory analysis of meteorite and cosmic dust collections," says mission scientist Hajime Yano. 1
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Changes in mission plan

The Hayabusa mission profile has been modified several times, both before and after launch.

* The spacecraft was originally intended to launch in July 2002 to the asteroid 4660 Nereus. However, a July 2000 failure of Japan's M-5 rocket forced a delay in the launch, putting Nereus out of reach. As a result, the target asteroid was changed from Nereus to Itokawa.
* Hayabusa was to deploy a small rover supplied by NASA, called Muses-CN, onto the surface of the asteroid, but the rover was cancelled by NASA in November 2000 due to budget constraints.
* In 2003, while Hayabusa was en-route to Itokawa, a large solar flare damaged the solar cells aboard the spacecraft. This reduction in electrical power reduced the efficiency of the ion engines, thus delaying the arrival at Itokawa from June to September 2005. Since orbital mechanics dictate that the spacecraft must still leave the asteroid by November, the amount of the time it was able to spend at Itokawa was greatly reduced and the number of landings on the asteroid were reduced from three to two.
* Two reaction wheels that govern the attitude movement of Hayabusa failed in 2005; the X-axis wheel failed on July 31, and the Y-axis on October 2. After the latter failure, the spacecraft is now being turned on the X and Y axes with its thusters. JAXA claims that since global mapping of Itokawa has been completed, this is not a major problem, but the mission plan was altered.
* The November 4 'rehearsal' landing on Itokawa failed, and was rescheduled.
* The original decision to sample two different sites on the asteroid was changed when one of the sites, Woomera Desert, was found to be too rocky for a safe landing.
* The November 12 release of the MINERVA mini-probe ended in failure.

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Recent events

* On July 31, 2005, the X-axis reaction wheel failed.
* On August 14, Hayabusa 's first image of Itokawa was released. The picture was taken by the star tracker and shows a point of light, believed to be the asteroid, moving across the starfield. [5] Other images were taken from August 22 to August 24. [6]
* On August 28, the orbit maneuver of Hayabusa was handed over from the ion engines to the bi-propellant thrusters.
* From September 4, Hayabusa's cameras were able to confirm Itokawa's elongated shape. [7]
* From September 11, individual hills could be discerned on the asteroid. [8]
* On September 12, Hayabusa was 20 km from Itokawa and JAXA scientists announced that Hayabusa had officially 'arrived'. [9]
* On September 15, a 'colour' image of the asteroid was released (which is, however, grey in colouring) [10]
* On October 4, JAXA announced that the spacecraft had successfully moved to its 'Home Position' 7 km from Itokawa. Closeup pictures were released. However, it was also announced that the spacecraft's second reaction wheel, governing the Y-axis, had failed, and that it is now being pointed by the craft's rotation thrusters.[11]
* On November 2, JAXA held a press conference about scientific and engineering achievements during proximity operations around Itokawa. [12]
* On November 3, Hayabusa was 3.0 km from Itokawa.
* On November 3, Hayabusa began its descent which was to have included delivery of a target marker, and release of the Minerva mini-lander. The descent went well initially, and navigation images with wide-angle cameras were been obtained. However, at 1:50 am UTC (10:50 am JST) on November 4, it was announced that due to a detection of an anomalous signal at the Go/NoGo decision, the descent, including release of Minerva and the target marker had been canceled. [13] The project manager, Jun-ichiro Kawaguchi, explained that the optical navigation system was not tracking the asteroid very well, probably caused by the complex shape of Itokawa. It will take a few days to evaluate the situation and set new schedule. [14] [15]
* On November 7, Hayabusa was 7.5 km from Itokawa.
* On November 9, Hayabusa performed a descent to 70m to test the landing navigation and the laser altimeter. After that, Hayabusa backed off to a higher position, then descended again to 500m and released one of the target markers into space to test the craft's ability to track it (this was confirmed). From analysis of the closeup images, the Woomera Desert site (Point B) was found to be too rocky to be suitable for landing so that a landing will now be performed only at the Muses Sea site (Point A) even if the landing is to be performed twice. [16]
* On November 12, Hayabusa closed in to 55m from the asteroid's surface. MINERVA was released but due to an error failed to reach the surface (see above).
* On November 19, Hayabusa landed on the asteroid. There was considerable confusion during and after the manoeuvre about precisely what had happened, due to the fact that the high-gain antenna of the probe can not be used during final phase of touch-down, as well as the blackout during hand over of ground station antenna from DSN to Usuda station. It was initially reported that Hayabusa had stopped at approximately 10 meters from the surface, hovering for 30 minutes for unknown reasons. Ground control sent a command to abort and ascend, and by the time the communication was regained, the probe had moved 100 km away from the asteroid. The probe had entered into a safe mode, slowly spinning to stabilize altitude.[17] [18] However, after regaining control and communication with the probe, the data from the landing attempt were downloaded and analyzed, and on November 23, JAXA announced that the probe had indeed landed on the asteroid surface. [19] Unfortunately, the sampling sequence was not triggered since a sensor detected an obstacle during descent; the probe tried to abort the landing, but since its attitude was not appropriate for ascent, it chose instead a safe descent mode. This mode did not permit a sample to be taken, but there is a high probability that some dust may have whirled up into the sampling horn when it touched the asteroid, so the sample canister currently attached to the sampling horn was sealed.
* On November 25, a second touchdown attempt was performed. This time, the sampling device was activated [20]. However, due to a lea