已安装系统 4k对齐:春节的来历，习俗等？

Chinese New Year starts with the New Moon（新月）on the first day of the new year and ends on the full moon（满月）15 days later. The 15th day of the new year is called the Lantern Festival（元宵节）, which is celebrated at night with lantern displays and children carrying lanterns in a parade.

The Chinese calendar is based on a combination of lunar and solar movements. The lunar cycle（月运周期）is about 29.5 days. In order to "catch up" with the solar calendar the Chinese insert an extra month once every few years (seven years out of a 19-yearcycle). This is the same as adding an extra day on leap year （闰年）. This is why, according to the solar calendar, the Chinese New Year falls on a different date each year.

New Year's Eve and New Year's Day are celebrated as a family affair, a time of reunion and thanksgiving. The celebration was traditionally highlighted with a religious ceremony given in honor of Heaven and Earth（万物）, the gods of the household and the family ancestors.

The sacrifice to the ancestors, the most vital of all the rituals（仪式）, united the living members with those who had passed away. Departed relatives are remembered with great respect because they were responsible for laying the foundations for the fortune and glory of the family.

The presence of the ancestors is acknowledged on New Year's Eve with a dinner arranged for them at the family banquet table. The spirits of the ancestors, together with the living, celebrate the onset of the New Year as one great community. The communal feast called "surrounding the stove" or weilu. It symbolizes family unity and honors the past and present generations.

The Origin of Chinese New Year

The Chinese New Year is now popularly known as the Spring Festival because it starts from the Begining of Spring (the first of the twenty-four terms in coodination with the changes of Nature). Its origin is too old to be traced. Several explanations are hanging around. All agree, however, that the word Nian, which in modern Chinese solely means "year", was originally the name of a monster beast that started to prey on people the night before the beginning of a new year.

One legend goes that the beast Nian had a very big mouth that would swallow a great many people with one bite. People were very scared. One day, an old man came to their rescue, offering to subdue Nian. To Nian he said, "I hear say that you are very capable, but can you swallow the other beasts of prey on earth instead of people who are by no means of your worthy opponents?" So, it did swallow many of the beasts of prey on earth that also harrassed people and their domestic animals from time to time.

After that, the old man disappeared riding the beast Nian. He turned out to be an immortal god. Now that Nian is gone and other beasts of prey are also scared into forests, people begin to enjoy their peaceful life. Before the old man left, he had told people to put up red paper decorations on their windows and doors at each year's end to scare away Nian in case it sneaked back again, because red is the color the beast feared the most.

From then on, the tradition of observing the conquest of Nian is carried on from generation to generation. The term "Guo Nian", which may mean "Survive the Nian" becomes today "Celebrate the (New) Year" as the word "guo" in Chinese having both the meaning of "pass-over" and "observe". The custom of putting up red paper and firing fire-crackers to scare away Nian should it have a chance to run loose is still around. However, people today have long forgotten why they are doing all this, except that they feel the color and the sound add to the excitement of the celebration.

Traditional New Year Foods

Probably more food is consumed during the New Year celebrations than any other time of the year. Vast amounts of traditional food is prepared for family and friends, as well as those close to us who have died.

On New Year's Day, the Chinese family will eat a vegetarian dish called jai. Although the various ingredients in jai are root vegetables or fibrous vegetables, many people attribute various superstitious aspects to them.

Other foods include a whole fish, to represent togetherness and abundance, and a chicken for prosperity. The chicken must be presented with a head, tail and feet to symbolize completeness. Noodles should be uncut, as they represent long life.

In south China, the favorite and most typical dishes were nian gao, sweet steamed glutinous rice（糯米）pudding and zong zi (glutinous rice wrapped up in reed（芦苇）leaves), another popular delicacy.

In the north, steamed-wheat bread (man tou) and small meat dumplings were the preferred food. The tremendous amount of food prepared at this time was meant to symbolize abundance and wealth for the household.

The 15-Day Celebration of Chinese New Year

The first day of the Lunar New Year is "the welcoming of the gods of the heavens and earth."Many people abstain from meat on the first day of the new year because it is believed that this will ensure long and happy lives for them.

On the second day, the Chinese pray to their ancestors as well as to all the gods. They are extra kind to dogs and feed them well as it is believed that the second day is the birthday of all dogs.

The third and fourth days are for the sons-in-laws to pay respect to their parents-in-law.

The fifth day is called Po Woo. On that day people stay home to welcome the God of Wealth. No one visits families and friends on the fifth day because it will bring both parties bad luck.

On the sixth to the 10th day, the Chinese visit their relatives and friends freely. They also visit the temples to pray for good fortune and health.

The seventh day of the New Year is the day for farmers to display their produce. These farmers make a drink from seven types of vegetables to celebrate the occasion. The seventh day is also considered the birthday of human beings. Noodles are eaten to promote longevity and raw fish for success.

On the eighth day the Fujian people have another family reunion dinner, and at midnight they pray to Tian Gong, the God of Heaven.

The ninth day is to make offerings to the Jade Emperor.

The 10th through the 12th are days that friends and relatives should be invited for dinner. After so much rich food, on the 13th day you should have simple rice congee and mustard greens (choi sum) to cleanse the system.

The 14th day should be for preparations to celebrate the Lantern Festival which is to be held on the 15th night.

春节又称元日、元旦、无正、元辰、元朔、岁旦、岁首、岁朝、新正、首祚、三元或年、过年，为夏历新年的第一天。由于历法不同，各代岁首之日不尽一致：夏代为正月初一，商代为十二月初一，周代为十一月初一，秦代为十月初一，汉武帝时又恢复到正月初一，并延续至今。

“春节”，各代所指也有区别。汉代指立春这一天，南北朝指整个春季，到了近代才指正月初一。它是我国历史最悠久、活动内容最丰富、礼仪最隆重、场景最壮观、食品最精致的一个传统节日，全国56个民族中的53个（除去藏、白、傣族）都要举行盛大的家宴或族宴庆贺，故又称“元日大庆宴”。

春节的起源

据史籍记载，春节在唐虞时叫“载”．夏代叫“岁”，商代叫“祀”，周代才叫“年”。“年”的本义指谷物生长周期，谷子一年一热，所以春节一年一次，含有庆丰的寓意。又传，春节起源于原始社会末期的“腊祭”，当时每逢腊尽春来，先民便杀猪宰羊，祭祀神鬼与祖灵，祈求新的一年风调雨顺，免去灾祸。他们用朱砂涂脸，身披鸟羽，唱跳吃喝，热闹非凡。至于

互相拜年宴请，则起自汉初，对此《通典》有所记载。

历代春节食俗

※东汉时期，祭祖是春节的重要活动和习俗。据崔提《四民月令》称：“正月之朔，是为正日。躬率妻孥，洁祀祖祢。及祀日，进酒降神毕，乃家室尊卑，无大无小，以次列于先祖之前，子妇曾孙，各上椒酒于家长，称觞举寿，欣欣如也。”

※南朝时期，春节阖家互相拜贺、饮宴，并开展娱乐活动。据粱人宗懔《荆楚岁时记》记载：“正月一日，…长幼悉正衣冠，以次拜贺。进椒柏酒，钦桃汤。进屠苏酒、胶牙饧，下五辛盘。”还有画鸡、燃爆竹、悬索、乞如愿等游戏。

※唐宋元明清时期春节食俗中的礼仪成分逐渐加重。据南宋吴自收《梦梁录》记载：“土大夫皆交相贺，细民男女亦皆鲜衣，往来拜节”，《梵天庐丛录》记载：“男女依次拜长辈，主者牵幼出谒亲友，或止遣子弟代贺，谓之拜年”；《清波杂志》载：“宋元佑年间，新年贺年，往往使用佣仆持名刺代往”。亲朋拜年，主家必须设宴款待，酒肉异常丰盛。据《嘉泰会稽志》记载：“元旦男女夙兴，家主设酒果以奠，男女序拜，竣乃盛服，诣亲属贺，设酒食相款，日岁假，凡五日而毕。”至清代，《帝京岁时纪胜》云：“士民之家，添衣冠，肃佩带，祀神祀祖；焚楮帛毕，味爽阖家团拜，献椒盘，斟柏酒，扶蒸糕，呷粉羹。出门迎喜，参药庙，谒影堂，具柬贺节。路遇亲友，则降舆长揖，而祝之日新禧纳福”，对于前来拜年春，“纵非亲厚，亦必奉节酒三杯。若至戚忘情，何妨烂醉！俗说谓新正拜节，走千家不如坐一家。而车马喧阗，追欢竟日，可谓极一时之胜也矣”。

春节各地食俗

汉族的春节食俗，一般以吃年糕、饺子、糍粑、汤圆、荷包蛋、大肉九、全鱼、美酒、福橘、苹果、花生、瓜子、糖果、香茗及肴馔为主；并伴有掸扬尘、洗被褥、备年货、贴春联、贴年画、贴剪纸、贴福字、点蜡烛、点旺火、放鞭炮、守岁、给压岁钱、拜年、走亲戚、

上祖坟、逛花市、闹社火等众多活动，极尽天伦之乐。如年夜饭，尤为讲究：一是全家务必聚齐，因故未回者必须留一座位和一套餐具，体现团圆之意；二是饭食丰盛，重视“口彩”，把年糕叫“步步高”、饺子叫”万万顺”，酒水叫“长流水”，鸡蛋叫“大元宝”，金鱼叫“年年有余”；这条鱼准看不准吃，名为“看余”，必须留待初一食用．北方无鱼的地区，多是刻条木头鱼替代；三是座次有序，多为祖辈居上。孙辈居中，父辈居下，不分男女老幼，都要饮酒。吃饭时关门闭户，热闹尽兴而止。

除夕的家宴菜肴各地都有自己的特色。旧时北京、天津一般人家做大米干饭，炖猪肉、牛羊肉、炖鸡，再做几个炒菜。陕西家宴一般为四大盘、八大碗，四大盘为炒菜和凉菜，八大碗以烩菜、烧菜为主。安徽南部仅肉类菜肴就有红烧肉、虎皮肉、肉圆子、木须肉、粉蒸肉、炖肉及猪肝、猪心、猪肚制品，另外还有各种炒肉片、炒肉丝等。湖北东部地区为“三蒸”、“三糕、“三丸”。“三蒸”为蒸全鱼、蒸全鸭、蒸全鸡；“三糕”是鱼糕、肉糕、羊糕；

“三丸”是鱼丸、肉丸、藕丸。哈尔滨一带一般人家炒8个、10个或12、16个菜不等，其主料无非是鸡鸭鱼肉和蔬菜。赣南的年夜饭一般为12 道菜。浙江有些地方一般为“十大碗”，讨“十全十福”之彩，以鸡鸭鱼肉及各种蔬菜为主。江西南昌地区一般十多道菜，讲究四冷、四热、八大菜、两个汤。

各地除夕家宴上都有一种或几种必备的菜，而这些菜往往具有某种吉祥的含义。比如苏州一带，餐桌上必有青菜（则安乐菜）、黄豆芽（如意菜）、芹菜（勤勤恳恳）。湘中南地区必有一条一公斤左右的鲤鱼，称“团年鱼”，必有一个3公斤左右的猪肘子，称“团年肘子”。皖中、皖南餐桌上有两条鱼，一条完整的鲤鱼，只能看却不许吃，既敬祖又表示年年有余，另一条是鲢鱼，可以吃，象征连子连孙，人丁兴旺。祁门家宴的第一碗莱是“中和”，用豆腐、香菇、冬笋、虾米、鲜肉等制成，含义为“和气生财”。

合肥的饭桌上有一碗“鸡抓豆”，意思是”抓钱发财”。管家人要吃一只鸡腿，名为“抓钱爪”，意味着明年招财财进宝。安庆的当家人要在饭前先吃一碗面条，叫“钱串子”。南昌地区必食年糕、红烧鱼、炒米粉、八宝饭、煮糊羹，其含义依次是年年高升、年年有鱼、粮食丰收、稻米成串、八宝进财、年年富裕。

北方地区春节喜吃饺子，其寓意团结，表示吉利和辞旧迎新。为了增加节日的气氛和乐趣，历代人们在饺子馅上下了许多功夫，人们在饺子里包上钱，谁吃到来年会发大财；在饺子里包上蜜糖，谁吃到意味着来年生活甜蜜等等。

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春节，顾名思义就是春天的节日。春天来临，万象更新，新一轮播种和收获季节又要开始。人们有足够的理由载歌载舞来迎接这个节日。于是，节前就在门脸上贴上红纸黄字的新年寄语。当春姑娘来到门口时，会念一遍寄托新一年美好愿望的句子，这一念，好运真的来了。同样寓意的事情还有挂大红灯笼和贴“福”字及财神像等，“福”字还必须倒贴，路人一念“福倒了”，也就是“福到了”。

春节的另一名称叫过年。“年”是什么呢？是一种为人们带来坏运气的想象中的动物。“年”一来，树木凋蔽，百草不生；“年”一“过”，万物生长，鲜花遍地。“年”如何才能过去呢？需用鞭炮轰，于是有了燃鞭炮的习俗。1993年，北京市人民政府颁布了禁放烟花爆竹的法律，使这一沿续了几百年的习俗成为历史。

春节是个亲人团聚的节日，这一点和西方的圣诞节很相似。离家的孩子这时要不远千里回到父母家里。真正过年的前一夜叫团圆夜，家人要围坐在一起包饺子。饺子的作法是先和面，“和”字就是“合”；饺子的饺和“交”谐音，“合”和“交”又有相聚之意，所以用饺子象征团聚了。

节日喜庆气氛要持续一个月。正月初一前有祭灶、祭祖等仪式；节中有给儿童压岁钱、亲朋好友拜年等典礼；节后半月又是元宵节，其时花灯满城，游人满街，盛况空前，元宵节过后，春节才算结束了。

春节：现代民间习惯上把过春节又叫做过年。其实，年和春节的起源是很不相同的。

那么“年”究竟是怎么样来的呢？民间主要有两种说法：

一种说法是：

相传，中国古时候有一种叫“年”的怪兽，头长触角，凶猛异常。“年”长年深居海底，每到除夕才爬上岸，吞食牲畜伤害人命。

因此，每到除夕这天，村村寨寨的人们扶老携幼逃往深山，以躲避“年”兽的伤害。

这年除夕，桃花村的人们正扶老携幼上山避难，从村外来了个乞讨的老人，只见他手拄拐杖，臂搭袋囊，银须飘逸，目若朗星。

乡亲们有的封窗锁门，有的收拾行装，有的牵牛赶羊，到处人喊马嘶，一片匆忙恐慌景象。这时，谁还有心关照这位乞讨的老人。

只有村东头一位老婆婆给了老人些食物，并劝他快上山躲避“年”兽，那老人捋髯笑道：“婆婆若让我在家呆一夜，我一定把“年”兽撵走。

老婆婆惊目细看，见他鹤发童颜、精神矍铄，气宇不凡。可她仍然继续劝说，乞讨老人笑而不语。婆婆无奈，只好撇下家，上山避难去了。

半夜时分，“年”兽闯进村。它发现村里气氛与往年不同：村东头老婆婆家，门贴大红纸，屋内独火通明。“年”兽浑身一抖，怪叫了一声。

“年”朝婆婆家怒视片刻，随即狂叫着扑过去。将近门口时，院内突然传来“砰砰啪啪”的炸响声，“年”浑身战栗，再不敢往前凑了。 原来，“年”最怕红色、火光和炸响。这时，婆婆的家门大开，只见院内一位身披红袍的老人在哈哈大笑。“年”大惊失色，狼狈逃蹿了。

第二天是正月初一，避难回来的人们见村里安然无恙十分惊奇。这时，老婆婆才恍然大悟，赶忙向乡亲们述说了乞讨老人的许诺。

乡亲们一齐拥向老婆婆家，只见婆婆家门上贴着红纸，院里一堆未燃尽的竹子仍在“啪啪”炸响，屋内几根红腊烛还发着余光……

欣喜若狂的乡亲们为庆贺右祥的来临，纷纷换新衣戴新帽，到亲友家道喜问好。这件事很快在周围村里传开了，人们都知道了驱赶“年”兽的办法。

从此每年除夕，家家贴红对联、燃放爆竹；户户烛火通明、守更待岁。初一一大早，还要走亲串友道喜问好。

这风俗越传越广，成了中国民间最隆重的传统节日。

另一种说法是：

我国古代的字书把“年”字放禾部，以示风调雨顺，五谷丰登。由于谷禾一般都是一年一熟。所“年”便被引申为岁名了。

我国古代民间虽然早已有过年的风俗，但那时并不叫做春节。因为那时所说的春节，指的是二十四节气中的“立春”。

南北朝则把春节泛指为整个春季。据说，把农历新年正式定名为春节，是辛亥革命后的事。由于那时要改用阳历，为了区分农、阳两节，所以只好将农历正月初一改名为“春节”。

元宵节：是我国传统节日中的大节，颇为显要。元宵节的得名，因其节俗活动在一年的第一个月（元）的十五日夜（宵）举行而来。

元宵节也叫“灯节”、“灯夕”，因为这个节日的主要活动是夜晚放灯，故名。此外，元宵节也叫“上元”、“上元节”，这是从道教借来的说法。

关于元宵节习俗的形成，说法颇多，但一般变为在汉代就初具雏形。史载汉武帝的时候，汉室要祭祀一位叫“太一”的神明。据称泰一是当时相当显赫的一位神明，地位在五帝之上，并有恩于汉帝，所以受到的奉祀比较隆盛。相传另一位汉室皇帝汉文帝也和元宵节有关。

这位汉文帝是大将周勃勘平“诸吕之乱”即位称帝的，而那勘平叛乱的日子正是正月十五，所以此后每逢正月十五夜晚汉文帝都要出宫游玩，与民同乐，并且确定这天为元宵节。不过，和这两位汉室皇帝有关的正月十五夜祭太一、游玩，并无张灯、放火的记载，汉室的另一位皇帝——汉明帝则敕令元宵燃灯，从而形成了后世张灯、观灯的习俗。

春节忌讳（仅共参考，并非宣传迷信）

中国人过去和现在的一些地方在过春节时有诸多禁忌，主要为了保平安，在来年事事顺心，万事如意。由初一至初十的禁忌有：
初一：鸡日，旧时在元旦贴画鸡辟邪祈福（鸡谐音吉ji） 。
初二：狗日，出外拜年或祭祖。
初三：羊日，易生口角，不宜拜年。
初四：猪日，祭财神。
初五：牛日，"破五"，可打破诸多禁忌："送穷五"初一至初四的垃圾不能倒掉，免倒财气，初 五的垃圾视为穷土，倒掉就送穷出门。
初六：马日，送神的日子，把除夕送来的财神纸马烧掉，店开始复业。
初七：人日，人的生日，又是聚餐吃喝，又有放花炮烟花，启烟火的习俗，是火的生日。
初八：谷日，诸星下界，因此要祭星，寺庙往往在这天设坛祭星 。
初九：天爷生日，玉皇大帝诞辰，举行盛大的祭天活动。
初十：石头生日，凡是磨、碓、碾等石制用具都忌动用，叫石不动，甚至烧香祭拜石具