京剧演员崔馨月年龄:急,翻一篇文章,翻成英语

来源:百度文库 编辑:高校问答 时间:2024/04/29 06:11:47
把这篇文章translate to English,谢谢

基本上,作者所提出的文化差异辨证,本身也有可议之处。作者在文中提出地球形状的例子,来说明『不相信』并不代表『不存在』,因此「各种文化有不同意见」并不代表「没有客观道德标准」。不过这样的论证的例子,从「可知的知识层面」谈到「各种文化的习俗」,却是相当不同的两种情形;因为地球形状是可以用各种方法加以验证的,最终可以得到一个正确答案;但是道德标准却是因人而异、随文化而变的,即使真有绝对客观的真理,又应该以何种文化为标准呢?道德并不像科学知识般可以加以验证的。

此外,既然文化相对主义主张文化没有优劣之分,那麼第一点提到的奴隶制度与屠杀犹太人的行为本身就已经是一种文化与人种的社会达尔文主义;作者提出我们应该批判纳粹德国与奴隶制度的不道德行为,不过这两种情形都是在「文化有优劣之别」的架构下所形塑而成的,因为这两者都是相信本身文化优於它种民族(与文化相对论的基本要素不合),因此,也许我们应该重新检视纳粹德国与奴隶制度种种暴行的因果关系。如果世界都能普遍采用文化相对主义,那麼或许就没有上述所产生的问题了。

作者并不十分赞同文化相对论的论点,他提出接受文化相对论的代价之一,就是「我们不能再去批判某一个社会的习俗在「道德」上较低劣的,因为没有任何客观的标准存在。」但文化相对论之所以会持有这论点,应该是认为每一种文化都具有其独创性和充分的价值。每一种文化的建构,都有其独特的历史背景或是跟生活环境有关,所以任何不同文化做比较,都不应该以我族文化为中心而对其他文化的价值观作批判,而是应该以客观的立场,从客观的角度去看不同文化的习俗和传统,不仅要看它的文化传统是什麼,还要看为什麼会形成这样的传统习俗,对於不同於自己的任何文化,都有一份同情理解,或许那所谓的客观标准的存在与否,就不再那麼重要了。

作者强调即使不同文化都应该有一个共通的道德原则,也就是所谓的「普遍真理」,但是这或许只能说是这世界上的大部分人所共同达成的共识,那麼只被大部份人认同的,就算是普遍的真理吗?

Basically, author's cultural difference put forward is dialectical, have places that can be discussed too itself. The author proposes the example like the earth in the article, it proves that does not " believes " that does not represent " not existing " to come, so ' various kinds of culture have different suggestion ' representative ' have objective moral standard '. But the example of such demonstration , mention ' the customs of different culture ' from ' the knowledge aspect that can know ', but two kinds of quite different situations; Because the earth form proves with various kinds of methods , can receive a correct answer finally; But the moral standard varies with each individual , changes with culture , even really there is a definitely objective truth, with which kind of culture is it a standard? The morals can not be verified as scientific knowledge.

In addition, since cultural relativism maintains that culture does not have the difference of quality, the behaviors of the slavery that the first point of üN mentioned and massacre Jew would have been a kind of culture and the ethnic group's social Darwinism; The author proposes that we should criticize the immoral behaviors of Nazi's Germany and slavery, but two situation these what was moulded under framework on ' culture have leaving good and bad ', because the two believe that one's own culture is superior to one kind of nationalities of its (not conform to the basic key element of cultural relativism ), so, perhaps we should inspect Nazi's Germany and causality of all sorts of savage act of slavery again . If world can generally adopt cultural relativism , perhaps that üN does not have above-mentioned questions produced .

The author does not agree to the argument of cultural relativism very much , he proposes accepting one of the cost of cultural relativism, it is ' we can go to criticize some another custom of society in ' morals ' on the inferiority one, because any objective standard does not exist. ' but cultural relativism will be held this argument, should think that every kind of culture has its originality and abundant value . Building constructing of every kind of culture, all have its unique historical background or relate to living environment, so any difference culture is compared , should not regard I clan's culture as the centre and criticize the values of other culture , custom and tradition of the culture that but should be different with the objective position , according to objective angle, not only it is assorted üN to see the cultural tradition of it , but also will form such a traditional custom for assorted üN to see, for different from one's own culture any , have one is it understand or not so-called objective standard existence that perhaps to sympathize with, no longer that üN is important.

The author emphasizes even should there is an ethical principle applicable to all in different culture, that is to say so-called ' general truth ', but this can only it says to be most people reached together common understanding in the world this perhaps, was that üN only admitted , it is the general truth by most people?

Basically, the cultural difference that the author puts forward is dialectical, itself have places that can be discussed too. the example of the earth's shape rised by the author in the article is to prove that " unbelievale " doesn't represent " unexisting ", so ' various culture lead to different opinions ' do not represent ' there is not objective moral standard ' . But the example of such demonstration , mention ' the customs of different culture ' from ' the knowledge aspect that can know ', but two kinds of quite different situations; Because the earth shape can be proved with various methods , can receive a correct answer finally; But the moral standard changes with each individual , changes with culture , even really there is a absolutely objective truth, with which kind of culture is as the standard? The morals can not be verified as scientific knowledge。
In addition, since cultural relativism maintains culture does not have the difference of quality, then behaviors of the slavery that the first point mentioned and massacre Jew would have been a kind of culture and the ethnic group's social Darwinism; The author proposes we should criticize the immoral behaviors of Germany of Nazi and slavery, but there two situations are molded under the framework of ' difference of quality about culture ' , because the two believe their own culture is superior toother races (not conform to the basic key element of cultural relativism ), so, perhaps we should inspect the causality of all sorts of savage act of Germany of Nazi and slavery again . If people can generally adopt cultural relativism , and perhaps the questions above would not appear.

The author does not agree to the argument of cultural relativism very much , he proposes accepting one of the cost of cultural relativism, it is ' we can not criticize any another social custom in ' morals ' for which is more inferior, because there are notany objective standards . ' but the cultural relativism hold this argument is because that every kind of culture has its originality and abundant value. the formation of every culture, all have its unique historical background or relate to living environment, so if we compare different cultures,we Should not take our own culture as the standard ,and Criticize others'culture.so we should be with objective position and objective angle in evaluating different custom and tradition of culture , not only depend on what its cultural tradition is , but also depends on why such a traditional custom was formed, for the culture different from one's own's , we should have one sympathize understanding, perhaps the objective standard which exists or not is no longer so important .
The author emphasizes even different culture should have an common moral principle , which is called ' general truth ', but perhaps this can only be the common understanding that this most people in the world reach together,and even it is a general truth when it is accepted by most people only?
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