巫师3老巫妪是什么生物:英文介绍管理学的含义

任何一个初学者在学习管理学的时候，可能都会对这些众多的管理学流派感到头晕脑涨的，为什么管理学会存在管理理论混杂，被孔茨称为“管理理论丛林”的现象呢？我们该如何解决“管理理论丛林”问题呢？孔茨认为，每一个学派都对管理学理论做出了贡献，但他认为不应把管理方法与管理学的基本内容混淆起来。孔茨把不同的管理理论学派看成是研究和分析管理学的不同方法，一切最新的管理思想都能纳入某一管理职能中。他认为的管理方法有：经验的或案例的方法、人际行为方法、集体行为方法、协作社会系统方法、社会技术系统方法、决策理论方法、系统方法、数学的或“管理科学”的方法、权变方法、管理作用方法以及经营方法。孔茨的说法有一定的道理，比如管理科学学派实际上就是运用数学的和运筹学的方法解决管理问题，但存在诸多管理学派的原因并不仅仅在此。 管理学之所有存在如此之多的不同却又无法用一个统一的管理理论来相互解释管理流派的存在，唯一的解释只能是，这些流派是从不同的角度来研究管理，每个学派都侧重于管理的某个方面，对管理的真正实质却未能正确揭示。 管理学派之所以复杂众多，与管理学的研究内容不统一有很重要的关系。因此，管理学派要统一，首先必须统一管理学的研究内容。管理学作为一门系统地研究管理活动的基本规律和一般方法的科学，不仅运用于工商企业，也用于医院、学校、军队、机关以及科研单位的管理，是一门应用性的学科。管理学既是一门应用科学，就应有应用科学研究的共性，而不应该有例外。典型的应用学科，其知识体系基本上都是围绕两个问题展开的，即“这门学科是什么或干什么的？”和“这门学科是如何应用的？”。第一个问题属于认识论的问题，而第二个问题属于方法论的问题。相应地，管理学的知识体系同样也是围绕这两个问题，即“管理是什么？”和“如何进行管理”而展开的。事实上，对于管理学的研究内容，尽管由于不同的学派对管理学内容的理解角度和归纳的思路不同，侧重不同，理论体系的建立有所不同，但都是围绕着这两个问题展开的。如管理过程学派重点研究“管理是什么？”这个问题，而经验主义学派重点研究“如何进行管理”的问题。在这两个问题中，“管理是什么”是属于认识论的问题。“如何进行管理”是属于的方法论的问题。认识论是基础，方法论是目的。对于管理学的这两个问题，我们应该首先研究管理学的认识论即“管理学是什么”的问题，在此基础上，再解决管理的方法论的问题。在不了解管理的概念、本质和特征的情况下，研究管理方法是舍本求末，是无法达到研究管理学的研究目的。“管理是什么”主要涉及管理的内容和原理等。管理的内容包括管理的概念、管理的本质、管理职能以及管理行为的性质、特征等。“如何进行管理”主要涉及管理的方法，如任务管理法、人本管理方法、目标管理方法、系统管理方法以及各种研究方法等。管理是一门应用性的学科，管理方法是现代管理研究中最引人注目的领域，科学的管理学更是以此为根本的研究目的。综上所述，管理学的研究内容可以归为以下几个方面，即管理的内容、管理原理、管理方法等。管理的内容。它研究管理的概念、行为、职能、本质、性质和特征等，其中管理的各种行为和职能既体现管理的基本任务，又反映了管理的全过程，而且管理的原理、原则都是要通过管理的职能发挥作用的。管理原理。管理原理、原则是一个具有层次结构的理论体系，是实施管理职能的理论依据，是人们进行管理活动的行动指南，是管理学研究的重要部分。必须进行深入的研究。管理方法。管理的宗旨在于运用有限的人力、物力和财力取得最佳经济效益和社会效益，而管理这一功能的执行和完成，是靠管理方法来实现的，管理的这一功能的充分发挥和管理目标的顺利达到，也都是正确运用各种有效的管理方法来实现的。因此，对管理方法的研究是现代管理学中最引人注目的领域。除此之外，人们对管理学的研究还应包括管理学的历史，研究从管理的产生、性质，到古代——近代——现代各种管理思想的出现和管理理论的沿革，通过历史人们可以更好的研究管理学，知古鉴今。

Any beginner in study management science time, possibly can to these multitudinous management science schools feel dizziness brain rises, why manages the academic society to have the management theory to be promiscuous, is called by Kuntz "the management theory jungle" the phenomenon? How should we solve "the management theory jungle" the question? Kuntz believed that, each school of thought has all made the contribution to the management science theory, but he thought should not confuses the management and the management science basic content. Kuntz regards as the different management theory school of thought is the research and the analysis management science different method, all newest management thought all can bring into line with in some management function. He thought the management includes: Experience or case method, interpersonal behavior method, collective behavior method, cooperation society system approach, social technology system approach, policy-making theory method, system approach, mathematics or "management science" method, flexible method, management function method as well as management method. Kuntz's view has the certain truth, for instance the management science school of thought is in fact utilizes mathematics and the operations research method solution management question, but has many management schools of thought the reason not merely in this. The management science all existences many are so different are unable with a unified management theory to explain mutually actually the management school existence, the only explanation only can be, these schools are study the management from the different angle, each school of thought all stresses on management some aspect, has not been able correctly to promulgate actually to the management true essence. The management school of thought the reason that complex is multitudinous, not unified has the very important relations with the management science research content. Therefore, manages the school of thought to have to unify, first must unify the management science the research content. The management science took systematically studies management the basic rule and the general method science, not only utilizes in the industry and commerce enterprise, also uses in the hospital, the school, the army, the institution as well as the scientific research unit's management, is a 应用性 discipline. The management science not only is a applied science, should have the applied science research the general character, but should not have the exception. The typical application discipline, its knowledge system basically all is centers on two questions to launch, namely "this discipline is what or does what?" With "how application this discipline is?" . The first question belongs to the epistemology the question, but the second question belongs to the methodology the question. Correspondingly, the management science knowledge system similarly also revolves these two questions, namely "what is the management?" With "how carries on the management" but to launch. In fact, regarding management science research content, although as a result of different school of thought to management science content understanding angle and induction mentality different, the stress is different, the theory system establishment differs from, but all centers on these two questions to launch. Like the management process school of thought key research "what is the management?" This question, but the empiricism school of thought key research "how carries on the management" question. In these two questions, "the management is any" is belongs to the epistemology the question. "How carries on the methodology question which the management" is belongs. The epistemology is the foundation, the methodology is a goal. Regarding management science these two questions, we should first study the management science the epistemology namely "the management science is any" the question, in this foundation, solves the management methodology problem again. In did not understand the management the concept, essential and in the characteristic situation, the research management is an attend to trifles to the neglect of essentials, is unable to achieve the research management science the research goal. "The management is any" mainly involves the management the content and the principle and so on. Management content including management concept, management essence, management function as well as administrative action nature, characteristic and so on. "How carries on the management" mainly to involve the management the method, like duty 管理法, human this management, goal management, system administration method as well as each research technique and so on. The management is a 应用性 discipline, the management is in the modern management research the most noticeable domain, the scientific management science is take this as the basis research goal. In summary, the management science research content may converge following several aspects, namely management content, management principle, management and so on. Management content. It studies the management the concept, the behavior, the function, the essence, the nature and the characteristic and so on, management each kind of behavior and the function both manifest the management the basic task, and has reflected the management entire process, moreover manages the principle, the principle all are must through the management function display function. Management principle. The management principle, the principle are has the level structure the theory system, is implements the management function the theory basis, is the people carries on management the guide to action, is the management science research important part. Must conduct the thorough research. Management. The management objective lies in the utilization limited manpower, the physical resource and the financial resource obtains the best economic efficiency and the social efficiency, but manages this function the execution and completes, is depends on, the management this function full display and the management goal which the management realizes smoothly achieved, also all is correctly utilizes each effective management to realize. Therefore, to the management research is in the modern management science the most noticeable domain. In addition, the people also should include the management science to the management science research the history, studies from the management production, the nature, to the ancient times - modern times - modern each kind of management thought appearance and the management theory evolution, through the historical people may the better research management science, know ancient warning now.