怪物猎人ol什么太刀好:寻找关于环境的简单英语短文~~

来源：百度文库编辑：高校问答时间：2024/05/03 09:56:28

寻找关于环境问题的简单英语短文~~内容简单一些~~大约初中1，2年级或小学高年级水平就可以~~短一些，1分钟内读完的~~~谢谢~~~~

Stromboli eruption update: 8 April 2003

The effusive eruption from a vent along the Sciara del Fuoco is still going on as on 8 April 2003. Effusion of lava takes place from 4 vents at 590 m a.s.l.,with effusion rate decreasing since early March. Thermal mapping of the lava flow field and of the craters interior revealed on early April a talus of debris artially obstructing the summit craters bottom. Frequent inner collapses and lithic ash emission increased the possibility of sudden gas
explosions, which eventually happened on 3rd April 2003. Lithic angular blocks
up to 50 cm wide have been expulsed from crater 3 (the SW crater), falling
mainly on the north flank of the cone up to 300 m distance.

On 5 April, at 9:12 am local time, scientists from INGV-CT were doing a
helicopter flight for the daily surveys with a portable thermal camera. We
surveyed the active lava flow field expanding on the upper sector of the Sciara
del Fuoco, above a flat zone at the base of the 28 December 2002 eruptive
fissure. Three vents along this surface were feeding small lava flows, and the
summit craters of the volcano were producing a very diluted gas cloud. A few
minutes after the start of the survey, the gas plume coming out from the
craters and moved west by the strong wind was suddenly crossed by a reddish ash
emission, that we interpreted as further collapses within the craters. However,
the red ash was soon substituted by juvenile, darker material coming out from
crater 1 (the NE crater). This formed a hot jet with cauliflower shape rapidly
growing above the crater. Two-three seconds later, also crater 3 produced a hot
jet of juvenile material. The eruptive process then evolved very rapidly, with
jets from craters 1 and 3 joining together. A very powerful explosion took
place, which pushed the helicopter away from the crater, suddenly increasing
its velocity of 30 knots/hour. A mushroom-shaped dark cloud rised from the
craters, expanding vertically up to an elevation of about 2 km a.s.l., 1 km
above the volcano’s summit. The eruptive cloud was surrounded at its base by a
dark-grey cloud similar to a base-surge, while it was still expanding
vertically and assuming the mushroom shape. Bombs, ash and blocks fell on the
NE flank of the volcano above 400 m elevation, causing burning of the
vegetation. Most of the ejecta were brought by the wind westward, falling on
Ginostra and damaging two houses. No people have been injured by the event.

Continuing the helicopter survey after the paroxysm, we could observe that the
lava flow field on the upper Sciara del Fuoco was completely covered by a brown
carpet of debris ejected from crater 1 during the initial phase of the event. A
very thick steam cloud was rising from this site, suggesting vaporisation of
wet material above the still active lava flows. In the meanwhile, several
alternating black and reddish pulses were taking place, mainly from crater 3.
Several fingers of light-brown debris were expanding from the NW flank of
crater 1 along the middle part of the Sciara del Fuoco. The upper part of the
volcano above 700 m elevation was completely covered by a continuous carpet of
pyroclastic products. Il Pizzo Sopra La Fossa, a hill standing above the summit
craters, showed on the north flank a number of new fractures concave towards
north and extending between the summit of the volcano and the south base of
crater 1. The presence of these fractures makes it possible that new landslides
can occur on the summit of the volcano. Within a few minutes from the start of
the paroxysm, the upper Sciara del Fuoco showed active flows emerging from the
carpet of debris covering the lava flow field. The explosive event caused
abundant emission of the so-called “golden pumice” mixed with little brown
scoria. The golden pumice comprised little crystals and was very vesiculated.
Often surrounded lithic blocks of crystalline, angular material with light grey
groundmass and centimetre-sized crystals of pyroxene.

A helicopter survey carried out on 8 April showed four active vents pouring out
lava on the upper Sciara del Fuoco at 590 m a.s.l.. Two of the flows were
expanding along the middle Sciara del Fuoco, causing detachment of blocks from
the flow front and little rock falls reaching the sea. Within the summit
craters a thick carpet of debris has accumulated following the paroxysm of 5
April. This has reduced the craters depth of about 50 m thickness, causing
partial obstruction(from: webpage www.ct.ingv.it).

Address:
Sonia Calvari
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
Piazza Roma 2
95123 Catania (Italy)
这是一篇关于火山爆发的

这还有一篇是关于大陆漂移的
Alfred Lothar Wegener (1880-1930), the originator of the theory of continental drift. (Photograph courtesy of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.)
Perhaps Alfred Wegener's greatest contribution to the scientific world was his ability to weave seemingly dissimilar, unrelated facts into a theory, which was remarkably visionary for the time. Wegener was one of the first to realize that an understanding of how the Earth works required input and knowledge from all the earth sciences.

Wegener's scientific vision sharpened in 1914 as he was recuperating in a military hospital from an injury suffered as a German soldier during World War I. While bed-ridden, he had ample time to develop an idea that had intrigued him for years. Like others before him, Wegener had been struck by the remarkable fit of the coastlines of South America and Africa. But, unlike the others, to support his theory Wegener sought out many other lines of geologic and paleontologic evidence that these two continents were once joined. During his long convalescence, Wegener was able to fully develop his ideas into the Theory of Continental Drift, detailed in a book titled Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (in German, The Origin of Continents and Oceans) published in 1915.
Wegener obtained his doctorate in planetary astronomy in 1905 but soon became interested in meteorology; during his lifetime, he participated in several meteorologic expeditions to Greenland. Tenacious by nature, Wegener spent much of his adult life vigorously defending his theory of continental drift, which was severely attacked from the start and never gained acceptance in his lifetime. Despite overwhelming criticism from most leading geologists, who regarded him as a mere meteorologist and outsider meddling in their field, Wegener did not back down but worked even harder to strengthen his theory.
A couple of years before his death, Wegener finally achieved one of his lifetime goals: an academic position. After a long but unsuccessful search for a university position in his native Germany, he accepted a professorship at the University of Graz in Austria. Wegener's frustration and long delay in gaining a university post perhaps stemmed from his broad scientific interests. As noted by Johannes Georgi, Wegener's longtime friend and colleague, "One heard time and again that he had been turned down for a certain chair because he was interested also, and perhaps to a greater degree, in matters that lay outside its terms of reference -- as if such a man would not have been worthy of any chair in the wide realm of world science."
Ironically, shortly after achieving his academic goal, Wegener died on a meteorologic expedition to Greenland. Georgi had asked Wegener to coordinate an expedition to establish a winter weather station to study the jet stream (storm track) in the upper atmosphere. Wegener reluctantly agreed. After many delays due to severe weather, Wegener and 14 others set out for the winter station in September of 1930 with 15 sledges and 4,000 pounds of supplies. The extreme cold turned back all but one of the 13 Greenlanders, but Wegener was determined to push on to the station, where he knew the supplies were desperately needed by Georgi and the other researchers. Travelling under frigid conditions, with temperatures as low as minus 54 °C, Wegener reached the station five weeks later. Wanting to return home as soon as possible, he insisted upon starting back to the base camp the very next morning. But he never made it; his body was found the next summer.
Alfred Wegener (left) and an Innuit guide on 1 November 1930 during his final meteorological expedition in Greenland. This is one of the last photographs of Wegener, who died later during the expedition (see text). (Photograph courtesy of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.)
Wegener was still an energetic, brilliant researcher when he died at the age of 50. A year before his untimely death, the fourth revised edition (1929) of his classic book was published; in this edition, he had already made the significant observation that shallower oceans were geologically younger. Had he not died in 1930, Wegener doubtless would have pounced upon the new Atlantic bathymetric data just acquired by the German research vessel Meteor in the late 1920s. These data showed the existence of a central valley along much of the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Given his fertile mind, Wegener just possibly might have recognized the shallow Mid-Atlantic Ridge as a geologically young feature resulting from thermal expansion, and the central valley as a rift valley resulting from stretching of the oceanic crust. From stretched, young crust in the middle of the ocean to seafloor spreading and plate tectonics would have been short mental leaps for a big thinker like Wegener. This conjectural scenario by Dr. Peter R. Vogt (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.), an acknowledged expert on plate tectonics, implies that "Wegener probably would have been part of the plate-tectonics revolution, if not the actual instigator, had he lived longer." In any case, many of Wegener's ideas clearly served as the catalyst and framework for the development of the theory of plate tectonics three decades later（from USGS）.

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