淘宝店铺查询:名次解释,什么是 "十字军东征(crusades)"

是要英文解释吗？下面这些网站有1
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm
http://www.kyrene.org/schools/brisas/sunda/ma/1kyle.htm
http://crusades.boisestate.edu/

Proud knights in the Crusades would march towards forgiveness of their sins, filled with greed. Bloodshed, they believed, was worth it, dying was worth it. Marching towards Jerusalem with victory in their eyes, they would take anyone who stood in their way of victory. That was the Crusades of the Middle Ages.

In the year 1095, people were shocked in Western Europe by the words of Pope Urban II, "The Muslims have conquered Jerusalem". Pope Urban wanted the Christians to retake Jerusalem from the Muslims. People shouted "God wills it". All over France these were the warring words of the Christians.

The French, German, and Italians were the European Christians that went on Crusades. The word Crusade meant "a war of the cross". During the first Crusade (1095-1097) most of the knights died of hunger, thirst or disease. When they got to Jerusalem they slaughtered anyone they could find. They took vows before going on a crusade. Sometimes during a crusade a knight would forget his vows and ride off or live in the village closest by.

In a Crusade there were pilgrims who were going to pray in Jerusalem, groomers that cleaned the horses, wives and children of the knights, and two kinds of knights: a mounted knight who rode on a horse and a foot soldier who walked on foot. Some of the knights went on Crusades to get rich or to steal a new home from the people they were fighting, but most of the knights went to get healed of their sins. Richard the Lion Heart (or Richard the I of England) was a famous general in the Crusades. The fourth Crusade (1199-1204) started off with a tournament against the Turks in France but the Crusade ended in tragedy. Most of the armies that went were already half destroyed by the Turks. They didn't reach Jerusalem. All together there were six Crusades in a period of 176 years. The Crusades lasted from 1095 until 1271.

When the knights were attacked in a Crusade they used huge siege weapons. The ballista was the simplest weapon. It was like a giant crossbow that could shoot arrows a distance of 350-450 yards in length. The mangonel was called a wild donkey by the Romans. It was a medium range catapult. The trebuchet was the most powerful siege weapon. It was a catapult that could fling rocks long range. A battering ram was a log cut from a heavy tree. The battering ram got its name because the Romans said it looked like a ram. It was then tied onto a penthouse to protect the knight from arrows and it took twelve men to swing it. All these siege weapons were used to get into Jerusalem by the knights of the Crusades. Other knights would try to dig under ground and then set fire to the wall supports underground in hopes that the wall would collapse. Another way knights tried to get into Jerusalem was to put long ladders against the wall and trying to climb them without being pushed over or having boiling liquids poured onto them, or being killed by a knight on the wall. The knights also built huge staircases, called siege towers, that were pushed against the wall and the knights walked up the staircases. When they actually reached Jerusalem however, they waited awhile before attacking to starve their enemy, but it didn't work so they just attacked. The knights captured towers built on the walls. When the knights got inside the walls of Jerusalem they killed people walking street or inside buildings.

Religion was important to the knights in the Middle Ages. One of the results of the Crusades was the founding of new Christian religious orders. Most of the monks were former knights who fought against each other in the Crusades. The knights did capture Jerusalem for a short period of time, but the Muslims kept on re-taking Jerusalem. The knights gained temporary power, but lost many soldiers during the deadly Crusades, not to mention causing the death of many innocent Muslims. The Crusades is a violent reminder of the greed of Middle Ages.

十字军东征是西欧封建主、大商人和天主教会以维护基督教为名，对地中海东岸地区发动的侵略性远征。因东侵军队的衣服上均有红十字的标记，故称为十字军。东侵活动从1096年起，到1291年止，历时近200年，大规模的侵略共8次。
1095年，罗马教皇乌尔班二世在法国召开宗教大会，宣布组成十字军远征，从异教徒（穆斯林）手中夺回圣城耶路撒冷。但实际上，天主教会、封建主和大商人都企图扩大势力、掠夺财富，并借以缓和西欧的社会矛盾。教会更想以武力在东方传播天主教，拜占庭帝国的皇帝则期望领先西欧封建主的势力，抵御突厥人。参加东征的国家有法、意、德、英等国，大批没有领地的骑士成为主力军。
第一次东征（1096年—1099年）分四路进军，攻占耶路撒冷。十字军大肆劫掠，杀戮7万人，并建立耶路撒冷拉丁王国。第二次东征（1147年—1149年）为响应耶路撒冷国王求援，企图夺回被土耳其军队收复的埃德萨，遭失败。第三次东征（1189年—1192年）企图夺回被埃及苏丹萨拉丁攻克的耶路撒冷，遭到顽强抵抗未能如愿。第四次东征（1202年—1204年）由教皇英诺林三世发动，攻陷拜占庭帝国，在巴尔干建立拉丁帝国。第五次（1217年—1221年）、第六次（1228年—1229年）、第七次（1248年—1254年）东征都把进攻矛头指向埃及，均告失败。第八次（1270年）进军突尼斯，也以悲剧告终。历次东侵所占据点后来不断丧失，1291年最后据点阿克城失守，标志着十字军东征彻底失败