2014元宵晚会湖南卫视:俗语是什么```给我30个俗语(包括意思)急用

来源:百度文库 编辑:高校问答 时间:2024/05/08 07:50:59
一定要是一些比较常用的,而且不要太复杂~!~!
谢谢各位大哥大姐了!~小妹甘愿一拜`1

A bad beginning makes a bad ending.
不善始者不善终。
A bad thing never dies.
遗臭万年。
A bad workman always blames his tools.
不会撑船怪河弯。
A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush.
一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。
A boaster and a liar are cousins-german.
吹牛与说谎本是同宗。
A bully is always a coward.
色厉内荏。
A burden of one"s choice is not felt.
爱挑的担子不嫌重。
A candle lights others and consumes itself.
蜡烛照亮别人,却毁灭了自己。
A cat has 9 lives.
猫有九条命。
A cat may look at a king.
人人平等。
A close mouth catches no flies.
病从口入。
A constant guest is never welcome.
常客令人厌。
Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
Adversity leads to prosperity.
穷则思变。
Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.
逆境出人才。
A fair death honors the whole life.
死得其所,流芳百世。
A faithful friend is hard to find.
知音难觅。
A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.
吃一堑,长一智。
A fox may grow gray, but never good.
江山易改,本性难移。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真情。
A friend is easier lost than found.
得朋友难,失朋友易。
A friend is never known till a man has need.
需要之时方知友。
A friend without faults will never be found.
没有十全十美的朋友。
"After you" is good manners.
“您先请”是礼貌。
A good beginning is half done.
良好的开端是成功的一半。
A good beginning makes a good ending.
善始者善终。
A good book is a good friend.
好书如挚友。
A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.
一本好书,相伴一生。
A good conscience is a soft pillow.
不做亏心事,不怕鬼叫门。
A good fame is better than a good face.
美名胜过美貌。
A good husband makes a good wife.
夫善则妻贤。
A good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口。
A good wife health is a man‘s best wealth.
妻贤身体好是男人最大的财富。
A great talker is a great liar.
说大话者多谎言。
A hedge between keeps friendship green.
君子之交淡如水。
A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend.
戏谑不能化敌为友,只能使人失去朋友。
A leopard cannot change its spots.
积习难改。
A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.
说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。
A light heart lives long.
静以修身。
A little body often harbors a great soul.
浓缩的都是精品。
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
一知半解,自欺欺人。
A little pot is soon hot.
狗肚子盛不得四两油。
All are brave when the enemy flies.
敌人逃窜时,人人都成了勇士。
All good things come to an end.
天下没有不散的筵席。
All rivers run into sea.
海纳百川。
All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
All that ends well is well.
结果好,就一切都好。
All that glitters is not gold.
闪光的不一定都是金子。
All things are difficult before they are easy.
凡事总是由难而易。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只会用功不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。
A man becomes learned by asking questions.
不耻下问才能有学问。
A man can do no more than he can.
凡事都应量力而行。
A man cannot spin and reel at the same time.
一心不能二用。
A man is known by his friends.
什么人交什么朋友。
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
光说空话不做事,犹如花园光长刺。
A man without money is no man at all.
一分钱难倒英雄汉。
A merry heart goes all the way.
心旷神怡,事事顺利。
A miss is as good as a mile.
失之毫厘,差之千里。
A mother‘s love never changes.
母爱永恒。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
一天一苹果,不用请医生。
A new broom sweeps clean.
新官上任三把火。
An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
以眼还眼,以牙还牙。
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.
一日之计在于晨。
An old dog cannot learn new tricks.
老狗学不出新把戏。
An ounce of luck is better than a pound of wisdom.
聪明才智,不如运气。
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
预防为主,治疗为辅。
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
滚石不生苔,转业不聚财。
As a man sows, so he shall reap.
种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。
A single flower does not make a spring.
一花独放不是春,百花齐放春满园。
A snow year, a rich year.
瑞雪兆丰年。
A sound mind in a sound body.
健全的精神寓于健康的身体。
A still tongue makes a wise head.
寡言者智。
A stitch in time saves nine.
小洞不补,大洞吃苦。
A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.
身正不怕影子斜。
A wise head makes a close mouth.
真人不露相,露相非真人。
A word spoken is past recalling.
一言既出,驷马难追。
A year‘s plan starts with spring.
一年之计在于春。
A young idler, an old beggar.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
Bad news has wings.
好事不出门,坏事传千里。
Barking dogs seldom bite.
吠犬不咬人。
Beauty lies in the love‘s eyes.
情人眼里出西施。
Be swift to hear, slow to speak.
听宜敏捷,言宜缓行。
Better late than never.
不怕慢,单怕站。
Better to ask the way than go astray.
问路总比迷路好。
Between friends all is common.
朋友之间不分彼此。
Birds of a feather flock together.
物以类聚,人以群分。
Blood is thicker than water.
血浓于水。
Blood will have blood.
血债血偿。
Books and friends should be few but good.
读书如交友,应求少而精。
Business is business.
公事公办。
Business is the salt of life.
事业是人生的第一需要。
By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.
读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。
Cannot see the wood for the trees.
一叶障目,不见泰山。
Care and diligence bring luck.
谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
Caution is the parent of safety.
小心驶得万年船。
Cheats never prosper.
骗人发不了财。
Children are what the mothers are.
耳濡目染,身教言传。
Choose an author as you choose a friend.
择书如择友。
Come what may, heaven won‘t fall.
做你的吧,天塌不下来。
Complacency is the enemy of study.
学习的敌人是自己的满足。
Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.
自信是走向成功的第一步。
Constant dripping wears away a stone.
水滴石穿,绳锯木断。
Content is better than riches.
知足者常乐。
Count one‘s chickens before they are hatched.
蛋未孵先数雏。
Courtesy on one side only lasts not long.
来而不往非礼也。
Creep before you walk.
循序渐进。
Cry for the moon.
海底捞月。
Custom is a second nature.
习惯是后天养成的。
Custom makes all things easy.
有个好习惯,事事皆不难。
Diamond cuts diamond.
强中自有强中手。
Do as the Romans do.
入乡随俗。
Do as you would be done by.
己所不欲,勿施于人。
Doing is better than saying.
与其挂在嘴上,不如落实在行动上。
Do it now.
机不可失,时不再来。
Do nothing by halves.
凡事不可半途而废。
Don‘t claim to know what you don‘t know.
不要不懂装懂。
Don‘t have too many irons in the fire.
不要揽事过多。
Don" make a mountain out of a molehill.
不要小题大做。
Don‘t put off till tomorrow what should be done today.
今日事,今日毕。
Don‘t put the cart before the horse.
不要本末倒置。
Don‘t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.
不要自找麻烦。
Don‘t try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs.
不要班门弄斧。
Do well and have well.
善有善报。
Each bird love to hear himself sing.
孤芳自赏。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
早睡早起身体好。
Easier said than done.
说得容易,做得难。
Easy come, easy go.
来也匆匆,去也匆匆。
Eat to live, but not live to eat.
人吃饭是为了活着,但活着不是为了吃饭。
Empty vessels make the greatest sound.
实磨无声空磨响,满瓶不动半瓶摇。
Envy has no holidays.
忌妒之人无宁日。
Even Homer sometimes nods.
智者千虑,必有一失。
Even reckoning makes long friends.
亲兄弟,明算账。
Every advantage has its disadvantage.
有利必有弊。
Everybody‘s business is nobody‘s business.
人人负责,等于没人负责。
Every day is not Sunday.
好景不常在。
Every dog has his day.
谁都有得意的时候。
Every door may be shut, but death‘s door.
人生在世,唯死难逃。
Every heart has its own sorrow.
各人有各人的苦恼。
Every little helps a mickle.
聚沙成塔,集腋成裘。
Every man for himself, and the devil takes the hindmost
人不为己,天诛地灭。
Every man has his faults.
金无足赤,人无完人。
Every man has his hobbyhorse.
萝卜青菜,各有所爱。
Every man has his weak side.
人人都有弱点。
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
自己的命运自己掌握。
Every minute counts.
分秒必争。
Every mother‘s child is handsome.
孩子是自己的好。
Every potter praises hit pot.
王婆卖瓜,自卖自夸。
Everything is good when new, but friends when old.
东西是新的好,朋友是老的亲。
Example is better then percept.
说一遍,不如做一遍。
Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.
经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。
Experience must be bought.
吃一堑,长一智。
Fact speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
False friends are worse than bitter enemies.
明枪易躲,暗箭难防。
Far from eye, far from heart.
眼不见,心不烦。
Far water does not put out near fire.
远水救不了近火。
Faults are thick where love is thin.
一朝情意淡,样样不顺眼。
Fear always springs from ignorance.
恐惧源于无知。
Fields have eyes, and woods have ears.
隔墙有耳。
Fire and water have no mercy.
水火无情。
Fire is a good servant but a bad master.
火是一把双刃剑。
First come, first served.
先来后到。
First impressions are half the battle.
初次见面,印象最深。
First think and then speak.
先想后说。
Fools grow without watering.
朽木不可雕。
Fool‘s haste is no speed.
欲速则不达。
Fools has fortune.
呆人有呆福。
Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools.
愚者不学无术,智者不耻下问。
Forbidden fruit is sweet.
禁果格外香。
Fortune favors those who use their judgement.
机遇偏爱善断之人。
Fortune knocks once at least at every man‘s gate.
风水轮流转。
Four eyes see more than two.
集思广益。
Friends agree best at distance.
朋友之间也会保持距离。
Friends are thieves of time.
朋友是时间的窃贼。
Friends must part.
再好的朋友也有分手的时候。
Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.
天才不过是勤奋而已。
Give a dog a bad name and hang him.
众口铄金,积毁销骨。
God helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助。
Gold will not buy anything.
黄金并非万能。
Good for good is natural, good for evil is manly.
以德报德是常理,以德报怨大丈夫。
Good health is over wealth.
健康是最大的财富。
Good medicine for health tastes bitter to the mouth.
良药苦口利于病。
Good watch prevents misfortune.
谨慎消灾。
Great barkers are no biters.
好狗不挡道。
Great hopes make great man.
伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物。
Great minds think alike.
英雄所见略同。
Great men have great faults.
英雄犯大错误。
Great men‘s sons seldom do well.
富不过三代。
Great trees are good for nothing but shade.
大树底下好乘凉。
Great wits have short memories.
贵人多忘事。
Greedy folks have long arms.
心贪手长。
Guilty consciences make men cowards.
做贼心虚。
Habit cures habit.
心病还需心药医。
Handsome is he who does handsomely.
行为漂亮才算美。
Happiness takes no account of time.
欢乐不觉时光过。
Happy is he who owes nothing.
要想活得痛快,身上不能背债。
Happy is the man who learns from the misfortunes of others.
吸取他人教训,自己才会走运。
Harm set, harm get.
害人害己。
Hasty love, soon cold.
一见钟情难维久。
Health is better than wealth.
健康胜过财富。
Health is happiness.
健康就是幸福。
Hear all parties.
兼听则明。
Heaven never helps the man who will not act.
自己不动,叫天何用。
He is a fool that forgets himself.
愚者忘乎所以。
He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs.
背后说好话,才是真朋友。
He is a wise man who speaks little.
聪明不是挂在嘴上。
He is lifeless that is faultless.
只有死人才不犯错误。
He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself.
正人先正己。
He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first.
自嘲者不会让人见笑。
He is wise that is honest.
诚实者最明智。
He knows most who speaks least.
大智若愚。
He laughs best who laughs last
谁笑到最后,谁笑得最好。
He sets the fox to keep the geese.
引狼入室。
He that climbs high falls heavily.
爬得越高,摔得越重。
He that will not work shall not eat.
不劳动者不得食。
He who does not advance loses ground.
逆水行舟,不进则退。
He who makes constant complaint gets little compassion.
经常诉苦,没人同情。
He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
想不犯错误,就一事无成。
He who risks nothing gains nothing.
收获与风险并存。
History repeats itself.
历史往往重演。
Honesty is the best policy.
做人诚信为本。
Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.
抱最好的愿望,做最坏的打算。
I cannot be your friend and your flatterer too.
朋友不能阿谀奉承。
If a man deceives me once, shame on him, if he deceives me twice, shame on me.
上当一回头,再多就可耻。
If you make yourself an ass, don‘t complain if people ride you.
人善被人欺,马善被人骑。
If your ears glow, someone is talking of you.
耳朵发烧,有人念叨。
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.
脚踏两条船,必定落空。
If you sell the cow, you sell her milk too.
杀鸡取卵。
If you venture nothing, you will have nothing.
不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.
要想求知,就得吃苦。
Industry is the parent of success.
勤奋是成功之母。
It is better to die when life is a disgrace.
宁为玉碎,不为瓦全。
It is easier to get money than to keep it.
挣钱容易攒钱难。
It is easy to be wise after the event.
事后诸葛亮好当。
It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open.
创业容易守业难。
It is hard to please all.
众口难调。
It is never too old to learn.
活到老,学到老。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收。
It is the first step that costs troublesome.
万事开头难。
It is the unforeseen that always happens.
天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。
It is too late to grieve when the chance is past.
坐失良机,后悔已迟。
It never rains but it pours.
不鸣则已,一鸣惊人。
It takes three generations to make a gentleman.
十年树木,百年树人。
Jack of all trades and master of none.
门门精通,样样稀松。
Judge not from appearances.
人不可貌相,海不可斗量。
Justice has long arms.
天网恢恢,疏而不漏。
Keep good men company and you shall be of the number.
近朱者赤,近墨者黑。
Kill two birds with one stone.
一箭双雕。
Kings go mad, and the people suffer for it.
君王发狂,百姓遭殃。
Kings have long arms.
普天之下,莫非王土。
Knowledge is power.
知识就是力量。
Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.
博学使人谦逊,无知使人骄傲。
Learn and live.
活着,为了学习。
Learning makes a good man better and ill man worse.
好人越学越好,坏人越学越坏。
Learn not and know not.
不学无术。
Learn to walk before you run.
先学走,再学跑。
Let bygones be bygones.
过去的就让它过去吧。
Let sleeping dogs lie.
别惹麻烦。
Let the cat out of the bag.
泄漏天机。
Lies can never changes fact.
谎言终究是谎言。
Lies have short legs.
谎言站不长。
Life is but a span.
人生苦短。
Life is half spent before we know what it is.
人过半生,方知天命。
Life is not all roses.
人生并不是康庄大道。
Life without a friend is death.
没有朋友,虽生犹死。
Like a rat in a hole.
瓮中之鳖。
Like author, like book.
文如其人。
Like father, like son.
有其父必有其子。
Like for like.
一报还一报。
Like knows like.
惺惺相惜。
Like mother, like daughter.
有其母必有其女。
Like teacher, like pupil.
什么样的老师教什么样的学生。
Like tree, like fruit.
羊毛出在羊身上。
Little things amuse little minds.
小人无大志。
Look before you leap.
摸清情况再行动。
Lookers-on see more than players.
当局者迷,旁观者清。
Losers are always in the wrong.
胜者为王,败者为寇。
Lost time is never found again.
岁月既往,一去不回。
Love at first sight.
一见钟情。
Love cannot be compelled.
爱情不能强求。
Love is blind.
爱情是盲目的。
Love is full of trouble.
爱情充满烦恼。
Love is never without jealousy.
没有妒忌就没有爱情。
Love me, love my dog.
爱屋及乌。
Make hay while the sun shines.
良机勿失。
Make your enemy your friend.
化敌为友。
Man is the soul of the universe.
人是万物之灵。
Man proposes, God disposes.
谋事在人,成事在天。
Many hands make light work.
众人拾柴火焰高。
Many heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠,赛过诸葛亮。
Many things grow in the garden that were never sown there.
有心栽花花不发,无心插柳柳成荫。
Measure for measure.
针锋相对。
Misfortunes never come alone.
祸不单行。
Misfortune tests the sincerity of friends.
患难见真情。
Money isn‘t everything.
钱不是万能的。
Murder will out.
纸包不住火。
My son is my son till he has got him a wife, but my daughter is my daughter all the days of her life.
儿子婚前是儿子,女儿终生是女儿。
Nature is the true law.
天行有常,不为尧存,不为桀亡。
Necessity is the mother of invention.
需要是发明的动力。
Never fish in trouble water.
不要混水摸鱼。
Never judge from appearances.
不可以貌取人。
Never say die.
永不言败。
Never too old to learn, never too late to turn.
亡羊补牢,为时未晚。
New wine in old bottles.
旧瓶装新酒。
No cross, no crown.
不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。
No garden without its weeds.
没有不长草的园子。
No living man all things can.
世上没有万事通。
No man can do two things at once.
一心不可二用。
No man is born wise or learned.
没有生而知之者。
No man is content.
人心不足蛇吞象。
No man is wise at all times.
聪明一世,糊涂一时。
None are so blind as those who won‘t see.
视而不见。
None are so deaf as those who won‘t hear.
充耳不闻。
No news is good news.
没有消息就是好消息。
No one can call back yesterday.
昨日不会重现。
No pains, no gains.
没有付出就没有收获。
No pleasure without pain.
没有苦就没有乐。
No rose without a thorn.
没有不带刺的玫瑰。
No sweet without sweat.
先苦后甜。
No smoke without fire.
无风不起浪。
Nothing brave, nothing have.
不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
Nothing dries sooner than a tear.
眼泪干得最快。
Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。
Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.
世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
Nothing seek, nothing find.
没有追求就没有收获。
Nothing is so necessary for travelers as languages.
外出旅行,语言最要紧。
Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.
世上唯有贫穷可以不劳而获。
Not to advance is to go back.
不进则退。
Not to know what happened before one was born is always to be a child.
不懂世故,幼稚可笑。
No way is impossible to courage.
勇者无惧。
Obedience is the first duty of a soldier.
军人以服从命令为天职。
Observation is the best teache

http://bbs.bokee.net/forummodule/view/ForumThread/view/15/55018.html
这里有一百个句子
你可以多点啊

俗语,也称常言,俗话,这三者应该是同义词。俗语一词,已经普遍用作语言学的术语;常言一词,带有文言的色彩;俗话一词,则有口语的气息。

有的文章中偶尔也把俗语称作成语。俗语和成语都是汉语中的约定俗成的语言形式,二者关系密切。“约定俗成”这一成语,就包含着俗、成二字。但从学习的角度来看,它们还是各有特点的。试比较下列例句:

甲、大鱼吃小鱼,小鱼吃虾米

乙、弱肉强食

甲、多年的老歪树,直不起来了

乙、积重难返

甲、后长的牛角,比先长的耳朵长

乙、后来居上

甲、捡了芝麻,丢掉西瓜

乙、因小失大

甲、你走你的阳关道;我过我的独木桥

乙、分道扬镳

甲、前怕狼,后怕虎

乙、畏首畏尾

甲、打破砂锅问到底

乙、刨根问底

甲、王八看绿豆,对上眼儿

乙、一见锺情

以上各组例句,甲、乙意思相同,甲为俗语,乙为成语。俗语以形象为主体;成语以精练为特色。俗语多为完整的句子,长短不一,运用时可以变通;成语多为四个字的稳定结构,形式整齐。俗语流行于人民群众的口头上,文字上保持着通俗的特点;成语多用作书面语,文字上趋向典雅。从这一比较中,可以从主要方面作出界定:俗语是以形象为主体的通俗的口语,它的结构形式相对稳定,而在实际运用中可以灵活变通。

这是俗语的主要内涵,就外延来说,它跟成语难免有交错的情况。俗语虽然以形象为主体,但也不排除精练;成语虽然以精练为特色,但也不排除形象。成语虽然绝大多数是四字结构,但也有一些是由四个以上的字组成的;俗语句式虽然长短不齐,但也有少量是由四个字组成的。俗语虽然多为口语,但已广泛进入文学作品,甚至哲学、科技图书中也经常用到;而随着人们教育水准的提高,成语在口语中也经常使用。这样,俗语跟成语,就可能互相渗透,存在着交错现象。如:

①城门失火,殃及池鱼(形象,八个字,成语→俗语)

②三天打鱼,两天晒网(形象,八个字,成语→俗语)

③雪上加霜(形象,四字,俗语→成语)

④习惯成自然(精练,五字,俗语→成语)

⑤不敢越雷池一步(形象,精练,七字,俗语← →成语)

俗语是口语型的,成语是书面语型的。这些语例,兼有俗语和成语的某些特点,看来俗语辞典、成语辞典都可以收录,好在这种情况并不算多。

俗语和成语,有时候也可能互相转化,并同时存在。例如:

①板凳没焐热← →席不暇暖

②打老鼠又怕碰破玉瓶儿← →投鼠忌器

③火烧眉毛顾眼前← →燃眉之急

④鸡蛋碰石头← →以卵击石

⑤鸡飞蛋打一场空← →鸡飞蛋打

⑥拉完磨杀驴← →卸磨杀驴

⑦鲁班门前弄大斧← →班门弄斧

⑧没喝过墨水← →胸无点墨

⑨怕噎了嗓子不吃饭← →因噎废食

⑩什么病吃什么药← →对症下药

①①一网打尽满河鱼← → 一网打尽

俗语语句结构如果趋向整齐,就有可能转化为成语;成语如果增加形象化的成分,就有可能转化为俗语。俗语转化为成语,仍然可以保持它的形象性;成语转化为俗语,如果缺少形象,就要加以补充,往往转化为歇后语。(参见下文歇后语)俗语与成语,二者既有联系,又有区别。俗语有俗语的优点;成语有成语的长处。俗语使得描写生动活泼,成语使得论述铿锵有力,都值得很好学习。

二,谚语和格言

有些图书把俗语、谚语并称为俗谚,把它们汇编在一起。汇编在一起是可以理解的,但二者并不相等。谚语只是俗语的一部分,它是一些总结知识经验,寓有思想意义的俗语。如:

①白酒红人面,黄金黑世心

②不听老人言,吃亏在眼前

③国家的事再小也是大的,个人的事再大也是小的

④火车跑得快,全靠车头带

⑤江山易改,本性难移

⑥金子碎了分量在

⑦靠山山倒,靠水水流

⑧留得青山在,不怕没柴烧

⑨墨是可以磨浓的

⑩男人有钱就变坏;女人变坏就有钱

①①人心齐,泰山移

①②咬人的狗是不露牙的

①③只要功夫深,铁尺磨成针

格言也总结知识经验,寓有思想意义。但仔细区分,仍稍有不同。格言所总结的知识经验主要是社会方面的,多属逻辑思维,是哲理性的语句,常出自名人名著;而谚语总结的知识经验不限于社会方面,也包括自然科学、生产实践(如农谚),它出自人民群众之口,多属形象思维,是文学性的语言。这种区别,应该把格言归入书面语一类,把谚语归入口语一类。但是,也难免有交错的情况。

甲,满招损,谦受益(书面语)

乙,虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后(口语)

甲,有志者事竟成(书面语)

乙,天下无难事,只怕有心人(口语)

甲,先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐(书面语)

乙,吃苦在前,享乐在后(口语)

以上三组,严格地说,甲为格言,乙为谚语。但是,由于人们教育水准的提高,这些带有文言色彩的格言也进入了口语。我们只能尽可能地加以区分,而不得不承认,实际上存在一些交错现象

俗语中一部分为谚语,另一部分是描述性的语句,它们并没有总结知识经验,而只是表述一种情态。如:

①不认这壶酒钱

②不知道哪头炕热

③蝉曳残声过别枝

④横挑鼻子竖挑眼

⑤眉毛胡子一把抓

⑥起大早,赶晚集

⑦求爷爷,告奶奶

⑧外国的月亮比中国的圆

⑨摇头不算点头算

⑩中看不中吃

①①睁一只眼,闭一只眼

①②走了穿红的,来了穿绿的

这一部分语句是描述性的,跟总结知识经验的谚语不同,而又无确定的术语,现在只是笼统地称为俗语,实在有必要把它跟谚语区别开来,给它一个确定的名称。

有的图书称之为“惯用语”,但所涉及的语言现象,却是“俚语”,如:背靠背、开夜车、乱弹琴、磨洋工、冤大头,等等。笔者以前在《俗语五千条》的前言中,曾用“熟语”来称呼描述性的俗语。熟语这一术语的定义,也不十分明确,有的辞典又把它当作高于俗语、成语的术语来使用,而它本身又跟“俗语”的读音近似,某些方言区甚至就是同音词,作为术语,自身有不足之处。再三斟酌,觉得不如用“俚语”来代替。

俚语,这个术语有时跟俗语相混,俚俗并称。这个“俚”,跟“乡里”之“里”有关,望文生义,也就是里人(乡下人)的意思。俚语常指带有方言色彩的土语。既然它有时跟俗语相混,而“惯用语”实际上又多指俚语,不如就借用“俚语”一词,来专指这些描述性的俗语。

四,歇后语、俏皮话

歇后语、俏皮话,基本上是同义词。歇后语是语言学上的术语,俏皮话是口头上的称呼。

歇后语形式上是半截话(前半为形象或事例,后半为解释、说明),实际上是要把话说得更形象些,更具体些。因此,歇后语应该包括在俗语之内。不过,歇后语中的形象常常是漫画式的,带有戏谑调侃的色彩。它用种种修辞手段,对字、词、语、句(包括俗语本身)加以修饰,使之生动活泼。因而跟谚语、描述性俗语(改称俚语),又有些不同。如:

①水仙不开花,装蒜(修饰词)

②猫哭耗子,假慈悲(修饰词组)

③大水冲了龙王庙,自己人不认自己人(修饰句子)

④木匠戴枷,自作自受(修饰成语)

⑤张飞穿针,大眼瞪小眼(修饰俗语本身)

有些成语,为了增强形象性,往往会转化成歇后语。

①擀面杖吹火,一窍不通

②金弹子打鸟,得不偿失

③绿绸缎上绣牡丹,锦上添花

④磨道里走路,没头没尾

⑤螃蟹过河,七手八脚

⑥十五个吊桶打水,七上八下

⑦屎壳郎变知了,一步登天

⑧小葱拌豆腐,一清二白

⑨阎王爷出告示,鬼话连篇

歇后语良莠不齐,有些歇后语内容和形象,均不见佳,有一部分,甚至是语言垃圾,不宜滥用。有些常用的歇后语,形象较好,前后结合得比较紧密,已经跟谚语、描述性的俗语(俚语)近似。如:

①黄鼠狼看鸡,越看越稀(前为形象,后为解释,经验之谈→谚语)

②竹篮子打水,一场空(前为形象,后为解释,描述性俗语→俚语)

③芝麻开花,节节高(前为形象,后为解释,描述性俗语→俚语)

综上所述,谚语,俚语(描述性的俗语),歇后语,这三部分构成俗语的整体。俗语属于口语型的语句,与书面语型的成语、格言有所区别,它们是汉语的口语和书面语的两大系统。

谚语是在人民群众中广泛流传的固定语句,是人民群众在长期生活实践中总结出来的经验和教训的结晶。谚语虽然简单通俗,但反映的道理却非常深刻。

歇后语

歇后语,是我们中国人特有的智慧与趣味语言,也是民间爱用的一种语法。

歇后语是广大人民在生活实践中创造的一种特殊语言形式。它一般由两个部分构成,前半截是形象的比喻,象谜面,后半截是解释、说明,象谜底,十分自然贴切。
例如:
一个巴掌打不响 -- <孤掌难鸣>;

懒婆娘的裹脚 -- <又长又臭>。

在一般的语言中。通常只要说出前半截,"歇"去后半截,就可以领会和猜出它的本意,所以称它为歇后语。

最早出现"歇后"这一名称的是在唐代。《旧唐书。郑綮列传》中就已提到过有所谓"郑五歇后体"(一种"歇后"体诗)。但它作为一种语言形式和语言表现,远在先秦时期就已出现了。如《战国策。楚策四》:"亡羊而补牢,未为迟也。"意思是说,失了羊再去修补羊圈,还不算太晚。这是我们今天所看到的最早的歇后语。

我们有理由认为,这是当时流行在民间的俗语,是出于一般人民的生活经验。这类古代的歇后语,虽然很少见于文字记载,但在民间流传相信是不少的。如钱大昕《恒言录》所载:"千里寄鹅毛,物轻人意重,复斋所载宋时谚也。"这类歇后语,直到今天还继续为人们所使用。

在研究歇后语的渊源时,有些语言学家和语言学专著还述及其它有关名称。如陈望道在《修辞学发凡》中,将歇后语列入"藏词"格一节介绍;郭绍虞在《谚语的研究》中,指出歇后语源起于"射覆语"(类似猜谜的一种形式);另外一些书上又列出诸如"隐语"、"谜语"、"谚语"、"缩脚语"、"俏皮话"等名称。加以比较,大都揭示出其中一些共同之处和相异之点。关于歇后语的分类,向无定说。何况还有不少歇后语,一身兼有几种性质,要划分得十分科学,是比较困难的。为了便于查阅,我们将歇后语条目中凡带有谐音字的归入一类,其余的按照比喻部分的性质分为三类。

第一,谐音类。如:
空棺材出葬 - <目(木)中无人>
小葱拌豆腐 - <一清(青)二白>

这类歇后语,是利用同音字或近音字相谐,由原来的意义引申出所需要的另一个意义。这类歇后语,往往要转几个弯,才能领悟它的意思。因而也更饶有兴味。

第二,喻事类。如:
弄堂里搬木头 - <直来直去>
冷水发面 - <没多大长劲>

这类歇后语,是用实在的或想象的事情作比方。如果对设比事情的特点、情状有所了解,也自然能领悟后半截的"谜底"。

第三,喻物类。如:
秋后的蚂蚁 - <蹦达不了几天>
棋盘里的卒子 - <只能进不能退>

这类歇后语,则是用某种或某些物件作比方。了解设比物的性质,也就能领悟它的意思。

第四,故事类。如
楚霸王举鼎 - <力大无穷>
曹操吃鸡肋 - <食之无味,弃之可惜>

这类歇后语,一般是引用常见的典故、寓言和神话传说等作比方。上述两例,只要知道项羽、曹操故事的,一般也能了然。

遇有交叉兼类情况的,则归入其特点更为明显的一类。如
纸糊的琵琶 - <谈(弹)不得>

这一歇后语兼喻物、谐音,现归入谐音类。

歇后语具有鲜明的民族特色,浓郁的生活气息,幽默风趣,耐人寻味,为广大群众所喜闻乐见。