高校问答忠诚的故事:翻译下面文章
来源：百度文库 编辑：高校问答 时间：2024/05/06 10:53:57
Rugby union injuries to the cervical spine and spinal cord.
Injuries to the cervical spine are among the most serious injuries occurring as a result of participation in rugby. Outcomes of such injuries range from complete recovery to death, depending on the degree of spinal cord damage sustained. Much information has been gained regarding the mechanisms and frequency of such injuries, from case reports and case series studies. The most commonly reported mechanism of injury has been hyperflexion of the cervical spine, resulting in fracture dislocation of C4-C5 or C5-C6. Tracking both the trends of incidence of spinal injuries, and the effectiveness of injury prevention initiatives has proved difficult because of a lack of properly conducted epidemiological studies. Within the constraints of the research published to date, it appears that hookers and props have been at disproportionate risk of cervical spine injury, predominantly because of injuries sustained during scrummaging. While the scrum was the phase of play most commonly associated with spinal injuries throughout the 1980s in most rugby playing countries, there has been a trend through the 1990s of an increasing proportion of spinal injuries occurring in the tackle situation. The majority of injuries have occurred early in the season, when grounds tend to be harder, and players are lacking both practice and physical conditioning for the physical contact phases of the sport. A number of injury prevention measures have been launched, including changes to the laws of the game regarding scrummaging, and education programmes aimed at enforcing safe techniques and eliminating illegal play. Calls for case-registers and effective epidemiological studies have been made by researchers and physicians in most countries where rugby is widespread, but it appears to be only recently that definite steps have been made towards this goal. Well-designed epidemiological studies will be able to provide more accurate information about potential risk factors for injury such as age, grade, position, gender and ethnicity. Research into the long-term effects of participation in rugby on the integrity of the spinal column is warranted.
Injuries to the cervical spine are among the most serious injuries occurring as a result of participation in rugby. Outcomes of such injuries range from complete recovery to death, depending on the degree of spinal cord damage sustained. Much information has been gained regarding the mechanisms and frequency of such injuries, from case reports and case series studies. The most commonly reported mechanism of injury has been hyperflexion of the cervical spine, resulting in fracture dislocation of C4-C5 or C5-C6. Tracking both the trends of incidence of spinal injuries, and the effectiveness of injury prevention initiatives has proved difficult because of a lack of properly conducted epidemiological studies. Within the constraints of the research published to date, it appears that hookers and props have been at disproportionate risk of cervical spine injury, predominantly because of injuries sustained during scrummaging. While the scrum was the phase of play most commonly associated with spinal injuries throughout the 1980s in most rugby playing countries, there has been a trend through the 1990s of an increasing proportion of spinal injuries occurring in the tackle situation. The majority of injuries have occurred early in the season, when grounds tend to be harder, and players are lacking both practice and physical conditioning for the physical contact phases of the sport. A number of injury prevention measures have been launched, including changes to the laws of the game regarding scrummaging, and education programmes aimed at enforcing safe techniques and eliminating illegal play. Calls for case-registers and effective epidemiological studies have been made by researchers and physicians in most countries where rugby is widespread, but it appears to be only recently that definite steps have been made towards this goal. Well-designed epidemiological studies will be able to provide more accurate information about potential risk factors for injury such as age, grade, position, gender and ethnicity. Research into the long-term effects of participation in rugby on the integrity of the spinal column is warranted.
橄榄球联盟的伤害颈背骨和脊髓。
对颈背骨的伤害正在最严重的受伤之中橄榄球的分享结果发生。 从完全的恢复到死亡的如此受伤范围的结果, 仰赖脊髓损害的程度维持。 很多的数据关于机制和如此的受伤频率已经被得到,从情形报告和情形系列研究。普遍受伤的机制大部分已经是颈背骨的 hyperflexion,造成 C4- C5 或 C5-C6 的破碎脱臼。 追踪针的受伤影响之方式的趋势 , 和受伤预防率先的效力都已经困难的因为适当地引导的 epidemiological 研究的缺乏。在研究的限制里面出版约会,它出现那 hookers ，而且支柱已经在颈背骨受伤的不成比例危险,居多因为受伤在聚合排成争球队形的时候维持。 虽然并列争球是时期的游戏在玩国家的最大多数的橄榄球中到处最普遍和针的受伤联合 1980 年代,已经有一个趋势经过 1990 年代的针受伤的逐渐增加的比例在工具情形中发生。 多数的受伤在季节内初期已经发生, 理由在那时候容易很比较难,和运动员是缺乏的练习和实际的为运动的实际连络时期为条件。 许多的受伤预防措施已经被发射, 包括对游戏的法律变化关于聚合排成争球队形，和教育节目瞄准运行安全的技术而且除去违法的游戏。要求情形- 寄存器和有效的 epidemiological 研究已经被橄榄球是广大的最大多数的国家研究员和医师做,但是它最近似乎是只有明确的步骤向这一个目标已经被做。 井设计的 epidemiological 研究将会能够提供关于潜在的危险因子的更正确的资讯给受伤 , 像是年龄，等级，位置，性和种族。 研究进入在针的专栏正直上的橄榄球的分享长期的效果之内被保证。