天鹅湖万达广场好吃的:贝多芬的英文事迹

路德维希·范·贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven，1770年12月17日生於德国波恩，1827年3月26日在奥地利维也纳去世），是一位集古典主义大成，开浪漫主义先河的欧洲古典音乐作曲家。贝多芬被后人尊称为乐圣。
生平
1770年 出身於德国城市波恩一个平民家庭，祖父原籍荷兰，后移居德国，曾任当地宫廷乐长。他的父亲是个男高音歌手，酗酒成性，母亲是宫廷御厨的女儿。贝多芬自小就显露了音乐上的才能。他名字中的「凡」（van）并非德语中的「von」，并不代表任何贵族封号，而是显示了其家乡。「路德维希」也正是他的祖父的名字。

1774年 他的父亲为了使贝多芬成为像莫扎特一样的音乐神童，强迫年少的贝多芬学习音乐和长时间的练习钢琴。

1778年 八岁的时候就开始登台演出。

1781年 跟随乐队指挥奈弗学习巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲》和作曲。

1783年 任宫廷乐队羽管键钢琴演奏家

1787年 在维也纳与莫扎特会面。

1788年 在一支歌剧院乐队里作中提琴手

1789年 在波恩大学学习

1792年 在海顿的鼓励与支持下到奥地利首都维也纳深造，艺术上进步飞快。贝多芬信仰共和，崇尚英雄，创作了有大量充满时代气息的优秀作品

1795年 他在维也纳举行了第一次音乐会，曲目是第二钢琴协奏曲，由他本人演奏钢琴。演出获得了成功。

1796年 出现耳疾先兆

1803年 完成划时代的《第三交响曲》，并准备献给拿破仑。

1804年 拿破仑称帝，贝多芬撕去了第三交响曲上写有献给拿破仑的扉页，而写上了一句话「为纪念一位伟大的人」

1808年 同时发表了第五交响曲《命运》与第六交响曲《田园》。

1809年 完成第五钢琴协奏曲《皇帝》。

1815年11月15日，其弟卡尔去世，贝多芬成为侄子卡尔的监护人。

1815年-1819年 经历4年的创作衰竭期。他一方面受到当时欧洲封建复辟的影响，情绪低落，一方面去收集、整理欧洲各地的民歌。

1824年 完成第九交响曲并在5月7日首演，盛况空前。

1826年 侄子卡尔自杀未遂,贝多芬精神大受打击，健康日益恶化

1827年 3月26日逝世於维也纳。

1827年 3月29日两万名维也纳市民参加了他的葬礼，当局要出动军队维持秩序。

Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770 – March 26, 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is widely regarded as one of classical music's supreme composers, and was a seminal figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in music. His reputation and genius have inspired—and in many cases intimidated—ensuing generations of composers, musicians, and audiences.

Born in Bonn, Germany, he moved to Vienna, Austria, in his early twenties, and settled there, studying with Joseph Haydn and quickly gaining a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. In his late twenties he began to lose his hearing, and yet continued to produce notable masterpieces throughout his life in the face of this personal disaster, even after his deafness became absolute. Unusually among his contemporaries, he worked as a freelance composer, arranging subscription concerts and being supported by a number of wealthy patrons who considered his gifts extraordinary.

Among his most widely-recognized works are his Third (Eroica), Fifth, Sixth (Pastoral) and Ninth (Choral) symphonies (the last containing the "Ode to Joy"), his Piano Concerto No. 5 ("Emperor"), his Violin Concerto, his Pathétique, Moonlight, and Appassionata piano sonatas, and the bagatelle Für Elise.

Beethoven was born at 515 Bongasse, Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740–1792) and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744–1787). Beethoven was baptized on December 17, but his family and later teacher Johann Albrechtsberger celebrated his birthday on December 16.

Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn who was apparently a harsh and unpredictable teacher. Johann would often come home from a bar in the middle of the night and pull young Ludwig out of bed to play for him and his friend. Beethoven's talent was recognized at a very early age. His first important teacher was Christian Gottlob Neefe. In 1787 young Beethoven traveled to Vienna for the first time, where he may have met and played for Mozart. He was forced to return home because his mother was dying of tuberculosis. Beethoven's mother died when he was 16, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers because of his father's worsening alcoholism.

Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he first studied with Joseph Haydn in lieu of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who had died the previous year. Beethoven immediately established a reputation as a piano virtuoso. His first works with opus numbers, the three piano trios, appeared in 1795. He settled into the career pattern he would follow for the remainder of his life: rather than working for the church or a noble court (as most composers before him had done), he supported himself through a combination of annual stipends or single gifts from members of the aristocracy, income from public performances, concerts, and lessons, and sales of his works.

Beethoven 1820 portraitBeethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods.

In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart while concurrently exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the first six string quartets, the first two piano concertos, and the first twenty piano sonatas, including the famous Pathétique and Moonlight.

The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music. Middle period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3–8), the last three piano concertos, triple concerto and his only violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. 7–11), the next seven piano sonatas including the Waldstein, and Appassionata, and his only opera, Fidelio.

Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven died in 1827. The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms (for example, the Quartet in C Sharp Minor has seven movements, while most famously his Ninth Symphony adds choral forces to the orchestra in the last movement). This period includes the Missa Solemnis, the last five string quartets and the last five piano sonatas.

Considering the depth and extent of Beethoven's artistic explorations, as well as the composer's success in making himself comprehensible to the widest possible audience, the Austrian-born British musician and writer Hans Keller pronounced Beethoven "humanity's greatest mind altogether".

Beethoven's personal life was troubled. Around age 28, he started to become deaf, which led him to contemplate suicide (see the 1802 Heiligenstadt Testament). He was attracted to unattainable (married or aristocratic) women; he never married. His only uncontested love affair with a known woman began in 1805 with Josephine von Brunswick; most scholars think it ended by 1807 because she could not marry a commoner without losing her children. In 1812 he wrote a long love letter to a woman only identified therein as the "Immortal Beloved." Several candidates have been suggested, but none has won universal support. Some scholars believe his period of low productivity from about 1812 to 1816 was caused by depression resulting from Beethoven's realization that he would never marry. He didn't publish anything during this period, but he released an enormous amount of material in 1816.

Beethoven quarrelled, often bitterly, with his relatives and others (including a painful and public custody battle over his nephew Karl); he frequently treated other people badly. He moved often and had strange personal habits, such as wearing dirty clothing even as he washed compulsively. Nonetheless, he had a close and devoted circle of friends his entire life.

Many listeners perceive an echo of Beethoven's life in his music, which often depicts struggle followed by triumph. This description is often applied to Beethoven's creation of masterpieces in the face of his severe personal difficulties. His last musical sketches belong to the composition of a string quintet in C Major [1].

Beethoven was often in poor health. According to one of his letters, his abdominal problems began while he was still in Bonn and thus can be dated to before 1792. In 1826 his health took a drastic turn for the worse. The autopsy report indicates serious problems with his liver, gall bladder, spleen, and pancreas. There is no general agreement on the exact cause of death. Modern research on a lock of Beethoven's hair cut from his head the day after he died and a piece of his skull taken from his grave in 1863, both now at the Beethoven Center in San Jose, California [2], show that lead poisoning could well have contributed to his ill-health and ultimately to his death. The source (or sources) of the lead poisoning is unknown, but may have been fish, lead compounds used to sweeten wines, or pewter drinking vessels. It is unlikely that lead poisoning was the cause of his deafness, which several researchers think was caused by an autoimmune disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The hair analyses did not detect mercury, which is consistent with the view that Beethoven did not have syphilis (syphilis was treated with mercury compounds at the time). The absence of drug metabolites suggests Beethoven avoided opiate painkillers.

Beethoven died on 26 March 1827, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fists in defiance of the heavens. He was buried in the Währinger cemetery. Twenty months later, the body of Franz Schubert was buried next to Beethoven's. In 1888, both Schubert's and Beethoven's graves were moved to the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery), where they can now be found next to those of Johann Strauss I and Johannes Brahms.

贝多芬生平介绍

只要有机会，我就要反抗命运 —— 贝多芬

路德维希·凡·贝多芬 （1770－1827） 伟大的德国作曲家、维也纳古典乐派代表人物之一。 贝多芬1770年12月16日生于莱茵河畔距法国不远的小城--波恩。他的祖父是波恩宫廷乐团的乐长，父亲是一个宫廷男高音歌手。贝多芬自幼便已显露出他的音乐天才，父亲急于把他培养成为一个象莫扎特那样的神童，从小就逼着他学习钢琴和小提琴，八岁时他已开始在音乐会上表演并尝试作曲，但是，他在这段时期中所受的音乐教育一直是非常零乱和没有系统的。

十二岁，他已经能够自如地演奏，而且担任了管风琴师聂费（1748－1798）的助手。就在这时他开始正式跟聂费学习音乐。聂费是一位具有多方面天才的音乐家，他扩大了贝多芬的艺术视野，使贝多芬熟悉了德国古典艺术的一些优秀范例，并巩固了贝多芬对崇高的目的的理解。贝多芬的正规学习和有系统的教养，实际上是从聂费的细心教导和培养开始的：聂费还引导他在1787年到维也纳就教于莫扎特 。莫扎特听过他的演奏之后，就预言有朝一日贝多芬将震动全世界。贝多芬到维也纳不久便接到母亲的死讯，他不得不立即赶回波恩。由于家庭的拖累，一直到1792年秋他父亲死后，他才第二次来到维也纳，但这时莫扎特却已不在人世了。贝多芬第二次来到维也纳后，很快地便赢得了维也纳最卓越的演奏家（特别是即兴演奏）的称谓。以后，他先跟海顿学习，后来跟申克、阿勃列希贝尔格和萨利耶里等人学习。他在波恩通过同知识分子勃莱宁的交往，接触到当时许多著名教授、作家和音乐家，并从他们那儿，受到"狂飙运动"的思潮影响。他的民主思想在法国大革命前几年已臻成熟，但在革命年代中成长尤为讯速。

1789年法国资产阶级革命进步的思想意识给他了很多启发，从而奠定了他人文主义世界鄣幕??--深信人类平等，追求正义和个性自由，憎恨封建专制的压迫。尽管维也纳古典乐派中的三位著名作曲家所处的生活年代相当接近，但是贝多芬的思想同海顿和莫扎特显然并不属同一个“时代”。海顿一生备受凌辱，他虽也偶而被激怒过，但却总是逆来顺受，当时进步的文学思潮和革命情绪都很少能使他激动，他的音乐同斗争也是永远绝缘的。莫扎特精神上遭受的苦难并不比海顿少，他勇敢于反抗，宁愿贫困而不能忍受大主教的侮辱，但在他的音乐中，从那充满阳光和青春活力的欢乐的背后，往往还是可以感觉得到一丝痛苦、忧郁和伤感的情绪。只有贝多芬，他不但愤怒地反对封建制度的专制，而且用他的音乐号召人们为自由和幸福而斗争。贝多芬在波恩时期（1782－1792）的创作，大都是一些小型的钢琴曲、重奏曲和歌曲等，这一时期可以说他还只是处于创作的准备阶段。他在维也纳最初十年（1792-1802）的创作，比较著名的作品也只有《悲伤》、《月光》和《克罗采》奏鸣曲及《第三钢琴协奏曲》等。但在这期间，他对社会与政治诸问题又有了进一步的理解，也能意识到他要努力探寻的目标。1802－1812年，他的创作进入了成熟时期，这段时间后来成为他的"英雄年代"。

贝多芬创作活动的成熟过程表面看来是相当迟缓的，但实际上却非常稳固。他三十岁时才开始写第一部交响曲，而在象这样年纪的莫扎特已经写了四十部左右的交响曲了。

贝多芬从1796年开始便已感到听觉日渐衰弱，但是直到1801年，当他确信自己的耳疾无法医治时，才把这件事情告诉给他的朋友。但是，他对艺术的爱和对生活的爱战胜了他个人的苦痛和绝望--苦难变成了他的创作力量的源泉。在这样一个精神危机发展到顶峰的时候，他开始创作他的乐观主义的《英雄交响曲》。《英雄交响曲》标志着贝多芬的精神的转机，同时也标志着他创作的"英雄年代"的开始。

贝多芬在维也纳的后一阶段，由于欧洲正经历着严重的政治反动时期，即梅特涅的反动统治特别的猖獗的时期，他的创作也暂时呈现颓势（1813－1817）。从1818年起，在贝多芬一生的最后十年当中（1818一1827），他在耳朵全聋、健康情况恶化和生活贫困，精神上受到折磨的情况下，仍以巨人般的毅力创作了《第九（合唱）交响曲》，总结了他光辉的、史诗般的一生并展现了人类的美好愿望。

贝多芬于1827年3月26日在维也纳辞世。死时没有一个亲人在他身旁，但是在同月29日下葬时却形成了群众性的一个浪潮，所有的学校全部停课表示哀悼，有两万群众护送着他的棺枢，他的墓碑上铭刻着奥地利诗人格利尔巴采（1791－1872）的题词："当你站在他的灵柩跟前的时候，笼罩着你的并不是志颓气丧，而是一种崇高的感情；我们只有对他这样一个人才可以说：他完成了伟大的事业……。"

贝多芬是世界艺术史上的伟大作曲家之一，他的创作集中体现了他那巨人般的性格，反映了那个时代的进步思想，它的革命英雄主义形象可以用"通过苦难--走向欢乐；通过斗争--获得胜利"加以概括。他的作品了既壮丽宏伟又极朴实鲜明，它的音乐内容丰富，同时又易于为听众所理解和接受。贝多芬的音乐集中体现了他那个时代人民的痛苦和欢乐，斗争和胜利，因此它过去总是那样激励着人们，鼓舞着人们的斗志，即使在现在也使人们感到亲切和鼓舞。

贝多芬的作品有“月光曲”、“欢乐颂”、“第一交响曲”、“奏鸣曲”、“命运交响曲”、“庄严弥撒曲”等等，这些都是摆脱古典主义、展现自由、热情奔放的美丽乐章