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指鹿为马

秦二世时，丞相赵高野心勃勃，日夜盘算着要篡夺皇位。可朝中大臣有多少人能听他摆布，有多少人反对他，他心中没底。于是，他想了一个办法，准备试一试自己的威信，同时也可以摸清敢于反对他的人。

一天上朝时，赵高让人牵来一只鹿，满脸堆笑地对秦二世说：“陛下，我献给您一匹好马。”秦二世一看，心想：这哪里是马，这分明是一只鹿嘛！便笑着对赵高说：“丞相搞错了，这里一只鹿，你怎么说是马呢？”赵高面不改色心不跳地说：“请陛下看清楚，这的确是一匹千里马。”秦二世又看了看那只鹿，将信将疑地说：“马的头上怎么会长角呢？”赵高一转身，用手指着众大臣，大声说：“陛下如果不信我的话，可以问问众位大臣。”

大臣们都被赵高的一派胡言搞得不知所措，私下里嘀咕：这个赵高搞什么名堂？是鹿是马这不是明摆着吗！当看到赵高脸上露出阴险的笑容，两只眼睛骨碌碌轮流地盯着赵高脸上露出阴险的笑容，两只眼睛骨碌碌轮流地盯着每个人的时候，大臣们忽然明白了他的用意。

一些胆小又有正义感的人都低下头，不敢说话，因为说假话，对不起自己的良心，说真话又怕日后被赵高所害。有些正直的人，坚持认为是说明书而不是马。还有一些平时就紧跟赵高的奸佞之人立刻表示拥护赵高的说法，对皇上说，“这确是一匹千里马！”

事后，赵高通过各种手段把那些不顺从自己的正直大臣纷纷治罪，甚至满门抄斩。

故事出自《史记·秦始皇本纪》。成语“指鹿为马”比喻故意颠倒是非，混淆黑白。

Calling a Stag a Horse

In the reign of Emperor the Second of the Qin Dynasty (221-207 B.C.), the prime minister Zhao Gao, obsessed with ambitions, was planning to usurp the throne day and night. But he did not know how many of the ministers in the court were allowed to be ordered about by him and how many of them were his opponents. So he thought out a way to test how high his prestige among the ministers was and also to find out who dared to oppose him. One day when court was held, Zhao Gao let someone bring a stag to the court and, with a broad smile on his face, he said to Emperor the Second of the Qin Dynasty:"Your Majesty, here is a fine horse I'm presenting to you." Looking at the animal, Emperor the Second thought that it was obviously a stag and that it couldn't be a horse. So he said smilingly to Zhao Gao:"Mister Prime Minister, you are wrong. This is a stay. Why do you say it is a horse?" Remaining calm, Zhao Gao said:"Will your Majesty please see more clearly? This really is a horse that covers a thousand li a day." Filled with suspicion, Emperor the Second looked at the stag again and said:"How can the antlers be grown on the head of a horse?" Turning around and pointing his finger at the ministers, Zhao Gao said in a loud voice:"if our Majesty do not believe me, you can ask the ministers." The nonsense of Zhao Gao made the ministers totally at a lose, and they whispered to themselves: What tricks was Zhao Gao playing? Was it not obvious whether it was a stag or a horse? But when they saw the sinister smile on Zhao Gao's face and his two rolling eyes which were gazing at each of them, they suddenly understood his evil intentions. Some of the ministers who were timid and yet had a sense of right eousness did not dare to say anything, because to tell lies would make their conscience uneasy and to tell the truth would mean that they would be persecuted by Zhao Gao later. Some ministers with a sense of justice persisted that it was a stag and not a horse. There were still some crafty and fawning ministers who followed Zhao Gao closely in ordinary times. They immediately voiced their support to Zhao Gao, saying to the emperor:"This really in a horse that covers a thousand li a day." After the event, Zhao Gao punished by various means those ministers with a sense of justice who were not obedient to him, even with whole families of some of those ministers executed. This story appears in "The Life of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty" in The Historical Records written by Sima Qian. From this story people have derived the set phrase "calling a stag a horse" to mean deliberately misrepresenting some thing and misleading the public.

暗渡陈仓

宝鸡市东大约十五华里，有个叫陈仓的小地方（而今叫做“代家湾”），由于成语“暗渡陈仓”流行于世，使得它久负盛名，遐迩皆知了。这个成语如果说全，应是“明修栈道，暗渡陈仓”，是《史记·高祖本纪》中的典故。

公元前二○六年，刘邦和项羽以及其他起义者首领，本来约定，谁先打入关中就封谁为王。结果，刘邦先打进了关中，而且攻陷秦国首都咸阳，秦国灭亡了。项羽以其四十万雄厚兵力，不顾事前协议，逼走了刘邦而进驻咸阳。刘邦当然很生气，但是他的战将们劝他忍耐勿急，张良、韩信等给刘邦献计献策，刘邦明面上修整通往巴蜀离开关中的栈道（即傍山用木架设的路），暗地里却杀了回马枪，迅速占领了陈仓，接着打回关中，奠定了后来重新夺回咸阳，战胜项羽的基础。

这就是有名的“明修栈道，暗渡陈仓”故事。它成为成语之后，常用在比喻明里做和暗地里想的不是一回事。明里做的是假的，暗地干的才是真的。

望洋兴叹

English

相传很久很久以前，黄河里有一位河神，人们叫他河伯。何伯站在黄河岸上。望着滚滚的浪涛由西而来，又奔腾跳跃向东流去，兴奋地说；“黄河真大呀，世上没有哪条河能和它相比。我就是最大的水神啊！”
有人告诉他：“你的话不对，在黄河的东面有个地方叫北海，那才真叫大呢。”
河伯说：“我不信，北海再大，能大得过黄河吗？”
那人说：“别说一条黄河，就是几条黄河的水流进北海，也装不满它。”
河伯固执地说：“我没见过北海，我不信。”
那人无可奈何，告诉他：“有机会你去看看北海，就明白我的话了。”
秋天到了，连日的暴雨使大大小小的河流都注入黄河，黄河的河面更加宽阔了，隔河望去，对岸的牛马都分不清。这一下，河伯更得意了，以为天下最壮观的景色都在自己这里，他在自得之余，想起了有人跟他提起的北海，于是决定去那里看看。
河伯顺流来到黄河的入海口，，突然眼前一亮，海神北海若正笑容满面地欢迎他的到来，河伯放眼望去，只见北海汪洋一片，无边无涯，他呆呆地看了一会儿，深有感触地对北海若说：“俗话说，只懂得一些道理就以为谁都比不上自己，这话说的就是我呀。今天要不是我亲眼见到这浩瀚无边的北海，我还会以为黄河是天下无比的呢！那样，岂不被有见识的人永远笑主。”

故事见于《庄子·秋水》。成语“望洋兴叹”，比喻要做某事而力量不够，感到无可奈何。

Lamenting One's Littleness before the Vast Ocean

Tradition has it that many,many years ago,there lived on the Yellow River a river god known as He Bo.One day ,He Bo stood on the riverbank and watched the turbulent waves from the west surging forward to the east.He said both excitedly and conceitedly:"How big the Yellow River is !No other river on earth can compare with it.And therefore I am the greatest river god."

One man said to him,"You are wrong.There is a place to the east of the Yellow Rivers called the North Sea.The North Sea is really big."He Bo said,"I don't believe it .Big as the North Sea is, can it be bigger than Yellow River?"The man said,"Should the water of several Yellow River flow into the North sea,it could not fill the North Sea,let alone one Yellow River. "

He Bo said obstinately,"I don't believe it,for I have never been to the North Sea."

Having no alternative,the man said,"You will not be able to" understand what I mean until you have a chance to see the North Sea for yourself."

Winter came,and torrential rain had been falling for days on end.Rivers big and small emptied themselves into the Yellow River,making the Yellow River even broader.Standing on one side of the river,people could hardly tell what animals the oxen and horses on the other side of the river were.Thus He Bo was even more proud,thinking that all the magnificent sights were accumulated here.Then ,remembering the North Sea which had been mentioned to him before,he decided to go there and have a look.

He went downstream,and arrived at the river mouth to the sea.Suddenly,the god of the North Sea,whose name was Biennia Ruo,appeared before his eyes.With a smile,Beihai Ruo was welcoming He Bo to the North sea.He looked ahead,and saw that the North Sea,with its vast expanse of water,was boundless.With a dull look in his eyes,He Bo stood there for a while.Finally he said to Beihai Ruo with deep feeling,"As the common saying goes,some people go so far as to think that they are more knowledgeable than anybody else when they have got some knowledge.Actually I am one of such people.If I had not seen with that the Yellow River is matchless in the world.If I remained like that, I would be laughed at for ever by sensible people."