f140mp:请讲一下"分词作状语"与"独立主格"

分词作状语:

1) 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句；表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如：

Confined to bed (= Because she was confined to bed), she needed to be waited on in everything.

她卧病在床，什么事都需要人伺候。（作原因状语）

Having only book knowledge (= If you only have book knowledge), you will not be able to work well.

如果只有书本知识，你就不可能做好工作。（作条件状语）

They stood there [b]waiting for the bus. (=They stood there and waited for the bus.)

他们站在那里等公共汽车。（作方式状语）

2) 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较

不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语，如果单独作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句，如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构，就用过去分词；如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构，就用现在分词。有时为了强调，分词前可带连词when, while, if, though, as if, unless等一起作状语，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如：

Working hard (If you work hard), you will succeed.

如果你努力，你会成功的。

[b] Defeated (= Though he was defeated), he remained a popular boxer.

虽然他被击败了，但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。

独立主格

（一）： 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

（二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆