淘宝宝贝视频拍摄:有关不定式的语法知识

解读动词不定式作主语、宾语、定语、状语

在中学教科书中，动词不定式是一个非常重要的语法点；在历年高考中，动词不定式是频频考查的要点之一；在学生的学习实践中，动词不定式是琐碎、难学的语法项目之一。为了更熟练、准确、有针对性地掌握此项语法知识，下面把(N)MET对动词不定式作主语、宾语、定语及状语的考查点进行总结、归纳。

I. 不定式作主语

1. 不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将作主语的不定式放在句子后部。例如：

It is good to help others.帮助他人是件好事。

It is exciting to surf the Internet.上网是件令人兴奋的事。

2. 不定式作主语与V-ing形式作主语的不同：前者作主语时，常表示某一次具体的动作；而后者常表示习惯性的动作。例如：

To teach the three children is my job this afternoon. 教这三个孩子是今天下午我的工作。

Walking is a good form of exercise. 散步是锻炼的一种好方式。

简析: It's ... of sb. to do sth.与It's... for sb. to do sth.

当表语形容词说明不定式的逻辑主语具有某种品质时,常用"It's...of sb. to do sth."。例如：

It's very kind / nice of you to help me。感谢你的帮助。

当表语形容词说明不定式具有某种特征时，应使用 "It's ...for sb. to do sth."。例如：

It's hard for the Chinese students to learn Russian. 中国学生学俄语是很难的。

[高考题例]

1. Is ________ necessary to complete the design before National Day?

A. this B. that C. it D. he

2. It was foolish ________ you to give up what you rightly owned.

A. for B. of C. about D. from

II. 不定式作宾语

1. 学习不定式作宾语时，要注意掌握四种动词：

1) 后接不定式作宾语的动词。常见动词有： offer, decide, hope, promise, agree, plan, manage, refuse, wish, pretend, learn, want等。

2) 后接V-ing形式作宾语的动词。常见动词有： enjoy, mind, suggest, advise, finish, practise, imagine, admit, avoid, delay等。

3)后接不定式和V-ing形式作宾语均可，且没有大的区别的动词。常见动词有： start, begin, continue等。

4)后接不定式和V-ing形式作宾语均可，但意思不同的动词。常见动词及短语有:try, remember, forget, regret, stop, go on等。例如：

Please remember to lock the door when you go out. 出去时请记住要锁门。

I don't remember lending you any money. 我不记得借过钱给你。

I regret saying what I said. I shouldn't have said it. 我后悔我所说过的话，我本不该说那些话。

I regret to tell you that you failed your driving test. 我很遗憾地告诉你，你没有通过驾驶测试。

The minister went on talking for two hours. 部长的讲话持续了两个小时。

After discussing the economy, the minister then went on to talk about foreign policy. 讨论完经济，部长接着谈论外交政策。

2. 动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，要先用it作形式宾语，而将该不定式后置。例如：

I don't think it right to do it in that way.我觉得以那种方式去做是不恰当的。

I find it hard to get along with him. 我发现与他相处不是件容易的事。

3. "疑问代词、疑问副词 + 不定式"常常用作动词或介词的宾语。例如：

I don't know where to spend my holiday. 我不知该去哪儿度假。

Have you decided when to marry?你决定什么时候结婚了吗？

[高考题例]

3. She pretended ________ me when I passed by.

A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen

4. Little Jim should love ________ to the theatre this evening.

A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking

5. -I usually go there by train.

-Why not ________ by boat for a change?

A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going

6. -Was the test difficult?

-Not at all. We found ________ .

A. it very easy for doing

B. very easy to do it

C. it very easy to do

D. it very easy to do it

7. -Do you know Mr. Smith?

-Yes. He's a strange man. We found ________ difficult to work with him.

A. us B. it C. him D. you

8. I don't think ________ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.

A. this B. that C. its D. it

9. Last summer I took a course on ________ .

A. how to make dresses

B. how dresses be made

C. how to be made dresses

D. how dresses to be made

10. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________ .

A. it what to do with

B. what to do it with

C. what to do with it

D. to do what with it

III. 不定式作定语

不定式作定语时，应注意使用不定式的正确形式。请看下列句子：

I have a lot of work to do today. 我今天有很多工作要(自己)做。

I have a lot of work to be done today. 我今天有很多工作要(别人)做。

Do you have anything to take to your son? 你有什么东西要(自己)带给你儿子吗？

Do you have anything to be taken to your son? 你有什么东西(让别人)带给你儿子吗？

简析：当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语而不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。

IV. 不定式作状语

1. 不定式常常作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。不定式作状语时，要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。

[高考题例]

11. To be a great scientist, ________ .

A. maths is very important

B. maths is more important than other subjects

C. one must understand maths

D. maths is important to be understood

2. "主语+系动词+形容词+ to do sth."句式中，当形容词说明主语具有某种特征时，不定式不使用被动式。例如：

The naughty boy is hard to deal with.那个顽皮的男孩很难对付。

[高考题例]

12. Tom kept quiet about the accident ________ lose his job.

A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to

Key:

1-5 CBAAD 6-10 CBDAC 11-12 CB

1. 不定式基本形式：to +动词原形，有时可以省略to。

（1）动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能作谓语。

（2）动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，即可以有它的宾语和状语。

动词不定式和它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。

（3）不定式前面的to和介词to不同，介词to后跟名词或代词的宾格，或相当于名词的词及短语做宾语；而不定式to后要跟动词原形。

2. 不定式的语法功能可归纳为三种基本用法：

（1）不定式作名词的用法：在句中与名词作用相同，用作主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语。

<1>不定式用作主语：

e.g. To study English well is very important .

To cross a busy street during rush hours is a little dangerous.

To be with you is so nice , I think .

注：以上句子通常用“It is + adj. + （for sb. ）+ to do sth . ”这一句型代替。

<2>不定式作表语：

e.g. A student”s work is to study hard .

The greatest reward for her is to finish the marathon.

My wish is to have such a nice car one day .

<3>不定式作宾语：不定式用于及物动词后担当宾语，常见的用不定式作宾语的及物动词有：want , hope , wish , like , begin / start , try , need , forget , agree , know , learn , promise , refuse , help 等。

e.g. We want to have a rest after school before we start to do our homework.

Don”t forget to wake up Xiao Ming at 7:00 a.m. tomorrow morning .

The boy began to learn to play the piano when he was only 6 years old.

<4>不定式作宾语补足语：常用不定式作宾补的及物动词有ask , tell , like , want , make , let , have , help 以及hear , see 等。

e.g. She told her children to be honest all the time.

I want you to finish the work by yourself.

（2）不定式作副词的用法：修饰动词或形容词，表目的或原因，作状语。

<1>表目的：

e.g. They went to England to study English for a month .

He didn”t stop to have a rest in the marathon.

Mr. White took me to his home to meet his family .

The boy got the ball , turned to shoot , and got two points .

<2>表原因：

不定式在表感情色彩的形容词如glad , happy , sorry , sad , surprised , pleased 等之后修饰该形容词，表“因……而……”。也可用于其它形容词之后，表“供……之用。”

e.g. I”m glad to receive your E-mail.

I”m sorry to hear that .

We”re so happy to have a picnic in such a nice day .

The house is good enough to live in .

English corner is really good for you to practise your English and make friends .

（3）不定式作形容词

<1>不定式作定语，放在所修饰名词或代词之后。

e.g. Do you have something to drink ?

I have something / nothing to do this weekend .

Jack was the last to leave the library yesterday .

I need somebody to help me with my cooking .

<2>若不定式为不及物动词，或不定式所修饰名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具时，不定式后必须有相应的介词。

I want a red pen to write with .

She has many questions to think about .

I have nothing new to show off this time.

3. 有关不定式用法的句型及难点

（1）不定式的否定形式为：not +不定式，常用于ask / tell sb. to do sth . 这一句型中，尤其是间接引语中。

e.g. The policeman asked the children not to skate on the thin ice .

The teacher told him not to be late again .

（2）疑问句who , what , which , when , how , where 与不定式连用构成不定式短语，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语等。

e.g. Could you tell me how to get to the railway station ?

They didn”t know what to do .

How to get on well with your classmates is a problem for new students .

My trouble is how to pass the test as fast as possible.

注：以下动词常与“疑问词＋不定式”短语连用：know , show , teach , tell , find out , learn , decide , forget 等。

（3）不定式中省略to的情况及省略动词的情况。

<1>两个及以上不定式并列使用，第二个及以后不定式往往省略to。

e.g. We are pleased to visit your school and learn a lot of things .

<2>感官动词see , watch , look at , hear , feel 及使役动词make , have , let 使用不定式作宾补时，省略to。“help”一词之后to 既可省略，也可不省略，但被动语态中to不可省略。

e.g. These words made me get angry at once .

I see many parents send their children to school on weekdays .

We helped the farmers （to）pick the apples last week .

<3>口语中为避免重复，省略不定式中的动词原形。

e.g. Would you like to do sth ? －－Yes , I”d love / like to .

（4）want / wish / promise / hope +不定式用法。

<1>want / wish (sb. ) to do sth .

<2>promise (sb. ) to do sth .

<3>hope to do sth .

（5）句型It is / was + 形容词＋（of / for sb . ）+ to do sth .

e.g. It”s very kind of you to help us a lot .

It”s important for all of us to learn English well.

It”s really interesting to talk to you .

（6）too …to …

enough to …两个常用句型。

e.g. He was too excited to say a word .

The room is too small to hold over 30 people.

The machine is too heavy for me to carry .

Don”t worry . I”m strong enough to move the box .

The water is hot enough to boil eggs.