lol开直播怎么开:现在分词和过去分词各是什么?

来源:百度文库 编辑:高校问答 时间:2024/04/29 16:23:20

英语上的分词分为现在分词和过去分词。

现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

1、 分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。

分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。

(1)现在分词The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.

(2)过去分词Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.

2、"while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词"结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。

When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……

Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.

Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.

3、分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。

We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.

This is really an exhausting day to all of us!

We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.

After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.

More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries

4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。

5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。

结构和用法
1) 现在分词的结构就是在它的后面加词尾ing,过去分词的词尾是ed。

2) 两种分词都具有形容词和副词的作用,在句中可以做定语、表语、补语和独立结构(状语)等。

a) 分词作表语
例 When I caught him cheating I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
b) 分词做定语,现在分词做定语表示动作正在进行,并表示主动;过去分词做定语表示动作已完成,并表示被动。
例 As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax supported schools must be established in every town having 50 households or more.
c) 分词作补语
例 After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____________ to go to school.
A) to be encouraged C) being encouraged
B) been encouraged D) be encouraged
全句的意思是:“阿拉伯国家赢得独立后,特别重视扩大教育,不但鼓励男孩子入学,也鼓励女孩入学。”介词with可引出分词独立结构,表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。所以,答案是C) being encouraged。选项A) to be encouraged是动词不定式,for her to do是动词不定式短语,常做目的状语,不能引出陪衬性动作。选项B) been encouraged和D) be encouraged这两种形式都不能与with构成分词独立结构做补语。
d) 分词作状语
现在分词作状语表示主动,过去分词(短语)作状语表示被动,要注意这两者的区别。
例 _____ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall of the edge of the earth.
A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed
结合选项看,全句的意思是:“许多人认为地球是扁的,因此害怕哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下”。相信这是一个主动行为,因此,需要一个表示主动的分词。所以选项C) Believed和 D) Being believed被排除。而A) Having believed强调分词所表示的主动动作是从过去开始的,一直延续到现在,至于完成了没有,并不关心。也就是说,该主动动作与过去和现在都有联系,因此也不合题意。 所以答案是B。

having been done和having done的道理是一样的,只不过前者的分词动作是主动动作,后者的分词动作是被动动作。即,如果要表达的被动动作是从过去开始的,一直延续到现在,则必须用完成式表示,而过去分词没有完成形式,所以使用Having been done。
例 There seemed little hope that the explorer, ________ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
A) to be deserted B) having deserted
C) to have been deserted D) having been deserted
答案是D) having been deserted。这是现在分词的完成式(被动态)在句中做状语,具有原因和时间意义。

1) 不及物动词的过去分词有两种形式:
A) 单独使用时没有被动意义,只表示完成的或静态的动作和状态。做定语时,一般位于所修饰的词前面。
例departed friends 分离的朋友 faded flowers 凋零的花
B) 与介词连用时,可以表示被动,做后置定语。因为在主动语态里,不及物动词与介词连用时意味着可以接宾语。同样道理,在分词表达形式中,不及物动词分词所修饰的词就是刚才我们谈到的宾语,对于宾语来说,这个动作就是一个被动动作了。

2) 有一些可以做表语的现在分词和过去分词的用法是固定的。
例如:amazing, amazed, amusing, amused, convincing, confusing, confused, disappointing, disappointed, encouraging, encouraged, exciting, excited, contented, inviting, missing, misunderstanding, inexperienced等。
这些分词没有严格意义上的被动、静态、动态、已完成或正在进行这样的含义。它们源自动词,有动词的用法。以最常见的interesting和interested为例。若对某事/某人感兴趣,就用be interested in Seth./sib.的结构,主语一般都是人;如果某事或某人本身让别人感到有意思,让人感兴趣的话,就用sth./sb. is interesting的结构。