kof97龙二连招:现在完成时和一般完成时的区别请给我详细的说明吧

现在完成时：
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。

2。将来完成时
1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

3。过去进行时的基本用法

a.过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。

They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。

b.过去进行时可与soon, the next moment, in minutes, minutes later等时间状语连用，表示一个新的

动作刚刚开始。如：

Soon the whole town was talking about it.不久镇上的人就都谈论起这种事了。

c.过去进行时可用来申述原因或用作借口，这种用法常用在口语中。如：

-- Have you finished your homework, Mary?玛丽，你作业做完了吗？

-- No, I was helping my mother is the kitchen all day yesterday.还没呢，我昨天一天都帮妈妈在厨

房干活。

d.过去进行时可用来为一个后一系列动作的发生提供背景。如：

I hurt my leg when I was riding a bike.我在骑车时把腿摔坏了。

e.过去进行时可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算，这时be动词was/were要重读。如：

I was writing him a letter this morning and forgot all about it .我本该今天早上给他写信的

，后来全给忘了。

I was seeing her tomorrow. 我本来打算明天会见她。

He was watching the play yesterday, but he was too busy. 他昨天本来要看那场戏的，可是太忙

了。
过去完成时：
过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有，at that

time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week…), at+点钟+yesterday (last

night / Sunday…)，when sb. did sth等时间状语从句。

What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday?昨天晚上七点你在干什么？

I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time.我第一次遇到玛丽

是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。

I was cooking when she knocked at the door.她敲门时我正在做饭。

（3）一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。如：

I saw you while you were speaking to the teacher.你在和老师谈话时我看见了你。

注意：有的过去时间状语既可用于一般过去时，也可用于过去进行时，但含义不同。如：

She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。（信写完了）

She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。（信不一定写完）
现在完成进行时
1. 形式：have(has)+been+现在分词，以work为例：
肯定式：
IYouWehave
HeSheIthasbeen working.
否定式：
IYouWehave
HeSheIthasnot been working.
疑问式：
haveIYouWe
HasHeSheItbeen working?
2. 用法
现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。现在这个动作可能刚刚终

止，也可能仍在进行。
I have been sitting here all afternoon.
我在这儿坐了一下午了。
How long has it been raining?
雨下了多久了?
They have been fighting for independence since 1960s.
他们从60年代以来一直为独立而斗争。
3?现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别
1)现在完成进行时一般强调过去发生的动作现在仍在继续。
现在完成时强调过去发生的动作现在已经完成或表示曾经发生过。
I have been writing an article.
我一直在写一篇文章。(仍在)
I have written an article.
这已写好一篇文章。(已完成)
I have been reading that book since last week.
上周以来，我一直在读那本书。(还在读)
I have read that book before.
以前我曾读过那本书。(动作在过去曾经发生过)
2) 现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束的动作，强调动作在不久前持续进行，带有感

情色彩。
现在完成时表示已经结束的动作，强调动作的结果。
Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.
你到哪里去了?我们到处在找你。(表示刚刚结束的动作)
We have looked for him, but haven't found him.
我们找过他，但没有找到他。(表示动作已结束，强调支作的结果)
3) 现在完成进行时表示现在以前的这段时间内反复发生的事情。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，创立们一直为我们杂志写稿。
We have been seeing quite alot of each other recently.
最近我们常常见面。
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。
它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。
具体如下：
过去完成时的基本用法
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by,
before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。例如：
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the
spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally
came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of
mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my
lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。
（5）过去完成时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6）在包含有when,
until等连词的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。例如：
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his
English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan,
intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in
time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。
（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc)
time (that)…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted
him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。

1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对"现在"产生的影响。如：

He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)

2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：

Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)

3. 两种时态的区分

(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。如：

(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。

看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？

① Have you seen the film?(A)

Did you see the film?(B)

[说明] 你看过这部电影吗？(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。

② How has he done it?(A)

How did he do it?(B)

[说明]他是怎么做的这件事？(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；(B)句单纯的

询问做这件事的方式。

③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)

He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)

[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。

现在完成时
1． 动词的构成：现在完成时由“助动词have（第三人称单数用has）+动词过去分词”构成。规则动词的过去分词与过去式是一样的， 不规则动词的过去分词需逐个记忆。 e.g. Have you seen Peter recently?
2. 用法
A. 表示发生在过去并已完成但对现在仍有影响或产生结果的动作。常用的状语有already, ever, never, just, up to now, not…yet , so far, by now, recently, lately等。
e.g. He has already heard the bad news, so you don’t have to tell him about it again. I have just finished my work.
B. 表示过去持续到现在或可能继续下去的动作或状态。
常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如how long, for ten years, since 1980 (以及since引导的时间状语从句), by that time等 .
e.g. I have waited for him for two hours, but he hasn’t been here yet.
特别提醒
A. 现在完成时不能与表示具体过去时间的状语连用，象yesterday, last week, ago, when , just now （刚才）等。例如：
不能说：I have seen the film a week ago .
应该说：I have seen the film before./I saw the film a week ago.
B.某些短暂性动作概念的动词，不能与表示一段时间的时间状语（for ten years , since 1980 等）连用
不能说：I have left my hometown for ten years.
应该说：I have been away from my hometown for ten years ./ I left my hometown ten years ago.
不能说： I have left my hometown since 1980.
应该说： I have been away from my hometown since 1980./ I left my hometown twenty years ago.
C. 这些短暂性动作概念的动词的否定式，一般是可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用的。
e.g. I haven’t gone to see my uncle for two years.
D. have/has been to与have/has gone to 的区别：这两个结构都可表示“去”， 但含义不同，have/has been to表示“曾去过某地”，强调过去的经历，常与状语ever, never等连用， 而have/has gone to表示“已经去某地了”，说话时不在此地。
e.g. I have been to the bank today. --have you ever been to the Great Wall? —No , I have never been there.
Some of the boys have gone to the reading-room.
E. have gone to的肯定式一般只能用语第三人称， 不能用于第一，第二人称，因为 have gone to 的含义是：主语不在说话的地方。
可以说：She has gone to the reading-room. 不能说：I have gone to the reading-room./You have gone to the reading-room.
F. 在“It is + 一段时间+since”结构中，It is也可改用It has been. e.g. It is (has been) a year since I came to this school.
G. 在“It is the first time (that) …”中, that从句中用现在完成时。
e.g. It is the first time that I have visited Guangzhou.

比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? ---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门： 当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years.=Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
1) since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six) I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

现在完成时:发生在过去。不考虑过去何时发生，只考虑它对现在的影响或强调该动作一直持续到现在。
结构为：have/has +过去分词

一般完成时：发生在过去。单纯谈过去发生的事，不涉及它对现在的影响或是否持续到现在。
结构为：did/had/was/were +宾语。

例子：

A：
He opened the door at eight.他是八点钟开门的。
（着眼于开门这个动作的本身，只强调八点钟发生的一件事。）

He has opened the door.他把门打开了。
(着眼于现在的情况，而不过问是何时开门的。）

B：
He went to work at seven.他7点去上班的。
（只谈7点钟发生的事。）
He has gong to work.他去上班了。
（只谈对现在的影响或结果：现在他人不在这儿。）

时间状语不同：
当有一个表示过去某时的确定的时间状语时，用一般过去时。
当有一个表示到目前为止这段施加的状语或持续到现在的时间状语时，多用现在完成时。

一般过去时表示过去的时间状语：yesterday,last week,ago,just,now等。

例子：
He visited the museum yesterday.他昨天参观了博物馆。
Up till now I have learned about 2,000 English words.到现在为止，我已经学了大约2000个英文单词。

一般完成时?????