高校问答小区配套幼儿园转让:谁帮我翻译下,谢谢
来源：百度文库 编辑：高校问答 时间：2024/04/29 04:24:10
THEORETICAL OBJECTIONS TO RICARDIAN EQUIVALENC
I shall discuss five major theoretical objections that have been raised against the Rcardian conclusions.The first is thatpeople do not live forever,and hence do not care about taxes that are levied after their death.The second is that private capital markets are'imperfect',with the typical person's real discont rate exceeding that of the governmeng.the third is that future taxes and incomes are uncertain.the fourth is that taxes are not lump sum,since they depend typically on income,spending,wealth,and so on.the fifth is that the Ricardian result hinges on full employment.I assume throughout that the path of government spending is given.the Ricardian analysis applies to shifts in budget deficits and taxes for a given pattern of government expenditures;in particular,the approach is consistent with real effects from changes in the level or timing of government purchases and public services.
In many cases it turns out that budget deficits matter,and are in that sense non-Ricardian.It is important,however,to consider not only whether the Ricardian view remains intact,but also what alternative conclusions emerge.many economists raise points that invalidate strict Ricardian equivalence,and then simply assume that the points support a specific alternative;usually the standard view that a budget deficit lowers desired national saving and thereby drives up real interest rates or leads to a current-account deficit.many criticisms of the Ricardian position are also inconsistent with this standard view.
I shall discuss five major theoretical objections that have been raised against the Rcardian conclusions.The first is thatpeople do not live forever,and hence do not care about taxes that are levied after their death.The second is that private capital markets are'imperfect',with the typical person's real discont rate exceeding that of the governmeng.the third is that future taxes and incomes are uncertain.the fourth is that taxes are not lump sum,since they depend typically on income,spending,wealth,and so on.the fifth is that the Ricardian result hinges on full employment.I assume throughout that the path of government spending is given.the Ricardian analysis applies to shifts in budget deficits and taxes for a given pattern of government expenditures;in particular,the approach is consistent with real effects from changes in the level or timing of government purchases and public services.
In many cases it turns out that budget deficits matter,and are in that sense non-Ricardian.It is important,however,to consider not only whether the Ricardian view remains intact,but also what alternative conclusions emerge.many economists raise points that invalidate strict Ricardian equivalence,and then simply assume that the points support a specific alternative;usually the standard view that a budget deficit lowers desired national saving and thereby drives up real interest rates or leads to a current-account deficit.many criticisms of the Ricardian position are also inconsistent with this standard view.
对RICARDIAN 的理论反对我将商谈五主要理论反对意见被 提出反对Rcardian conclusions.The 首先是thatpeople 永远不居 住, 和因此对税不关心被征收的EQUIVALENC 在之后他们的 death.The 其次是那私有资本市场are'imperfect', 与典 型的person's 真正的discont 率超出那governmeng.the 三是 未来税和收入是uncertain.the 四是税不是总结算, 因为他们典型 地依靠收入, 消费, 财富, 和如此on.the 五是Ricardian 结果取决 于在充分employment.I 假设在那过程中政府消费道路是 given.the Ricardian 分析适用于转移在中预算赤字与真正的作用 是一致的从变化在政府收购和公共业务水平或时间上。在许多情况 下它结果那个预算赤字事关, 和是在那感觉non-Ricardian.It 是 重要的, 然而, 考虑不仅是否Ricardian 景继续原封, 而且简单地 什么供选择的结论emerge.many 经济学家提出退役严密Ricardian 相等的观点, 和然后假设点alternative;usually 支持具体预算赤 字降下渴望全国挽救和因此驾驶实际利率或导致一Ricardian 位置 经常往来帐户deficit.many 批评并且是不一致与这个标准看法的标 准看法。
我觉得这不是个说英语的人写的吧.
随便说说,我不懂 呵呵.不好意思啊.