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Unfortunately, the recent discussion in the literature does not provide answers to the implementing procedure of CBEM. What causes unconvincing results of CBEM in declining regions is still unanswered. Intuitively, due to its importance in CBEM, we think the answer is on the participating process in the community-based approach. In CBEM, participation is a just strategy; empowerment is the end. If the participation process cannot empower the community, then, the failure of CBEM can be expected.

From the historical development of environmental management to CBEM, we see the form of participation varies. Before the advent of CBEM, the state is full responsible for environmental management; no role existed for community participation. When communities are taken into account in state-centric environmental decision-making, communities are involved. However, this does not necessarily imply a change in the power structure between the state and the locals. Most of the time, local communities are only involved partially on the programs. Participation is often just a matter of formality or an “add-on” procedure. Local communities themselves do not necessarily build capacity to be responsible for their own local environmental decisions.